Review on the Status of the Research on Power-to-Gas Experimental Activities
Abstract
:1. Introduction
Aim of the Paper
2. Technical Background
2.1. Electrolysis
2.2. Carbon Dioxide Capture
2.3. Methanation
3. Methodology
- Research and development activities: includes the completed plants, often commissioned by a company or a consortium, which have a demonstrative or prototypal nature.
- Experimental research projects: includes experimental campaigns carried out by universities or research centers that aim to increase the technical maturity of PtG plants, seen in their entirety or focusing on specific parts.
- Aims toward the production of synthetic methane;
- Contributes to the increase in knowledge about power-to-gas plants—it is necessary that the project has an experimental or developmental character and documents the activities with papers or other deliverables;
- Refers either to the entire plant or to a single part. In the latter case, the experimental activity on a single component must be declaredly designed in order to obtain an overall improvement on the performance of the whole plant.
- Heat management: includes all projects with the stated objective of optimizing heat handling, whether this is internal to a component or related to heat flow between several components.
- Operating condition optimization: concerns the conditions under which it would be good practice to operate a component and thus increase the efficiency of the components that compose a PtG system.
- Materials: consists of those projects in which materials are tested, e.g., for catalysis or water removal.
- Carbon capture: gathers together projects with the primary objective of finding an innovative way to sequester and utilize carbon dioxide.
- Design: concerns projects where the main aim is related to the design of a part of the plant or its complex.
- Renewable fuel production: includes those projects aiming to synthesize a green fuel.
- Integration within the energy system: collects those projects that tend to increase system efficiency by evaluating its integration into an energy network.
- Technical and economic feasibility: covers projects aiming to assess system viability, whether from a technical or economic point of view.
4. Results and Discussion
4.1. Projects Evaluated
4.1.1. Temporal and Geographical Distribution
4.1.2. Project Size
4.1.3. Component Typology
4.2. Research Targets
4.2.1. Heat Management
4.2.2. Operating Condition Optimization
4.2.3. Materials
4.2.4. Carbon Capture
4.2.5. Design
4.2.6. Renewable Fuel Production
4.2.7. Integration within the Energy System
4.2.8. Technical and Economic Feasibility
4.3. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
ARAID | Fundacion Agencia Aragonesa para La Investigacion y El Desarrollo |
AEM | Anionic exchange membrane |
BMWi | Bundesministerium für Wirtschaft und Energie |
BTS | Bayer Technology Services |
BTU | Brandenburgische Technische Universität Cottbus |
CEA | Commissariat à l’énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives |
CFD | Computational fluid dynamics |
CNR-ITAE | Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche—Istituto di Tecnologie Avanzate per l’Energia |
CoSPE | Center of Sustainable Process Engineering |
DAC | Direct air capture |
DNV | Det Norske Veritas |
DTU-Environment | Danmarks Tekniske Universitet |
DVGW | German Technical and Scientific Association for Gas and Water |
ECN | Energy Research Centre of the Netherlands |
EMPA | Eidgenössische Materialprüfungs- und Forschungsanstalt |
EnBW | Energie Baden-Württemberg |
ENEA | Agenzia nazionale per le nuove tecnologie, l’energia e lo sviluppo economico sostenibile |
EPFL | Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne |
Fraunhofer ISE | Fraunhofer-Institut für Solare Energiesysteme |
Fraunhofer IWES | Fraunhofer-Institut für Windenergiesysteme |
HSR | Hochschule für Technik Rapperswil |
ICP-CSIC | Institute of Catalysis and Petrochemistry—Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas |
INSTM | National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology |
IREC | Catalonia Institute for Energy Research |
JKU Linz | Johannes Kepler University Linz |
KIT | Karlsruhe Institute of Technology |
NFCRC | National Fuel Cell Research Center |
NREL | National Renewable Energy Laboratory |
PEC | Photoelectrochemical water splitting |
PEM | Proton exchange membrane |
PFI technical centre | Prüf- und Forschungsinstitut Pirmasens e.V. |
PSI | Paul Scherrer Institut |
PSL—Research University | Université Paris Sciences et Lettres |
PtG | Power-to-gas |
PTTEP | PTT Exploration and Production Public Company Limited |
PV | Photovoltaic |
SDU | Syddansk Universitet |
SIAD | Società Italiana Acetilene e Derivati |
SoCalGas | Southern California Gas Company |
SOEC | Solid oxide electrolytic cell |
TKI Gas | Turkish Coal Operations Authority |
TU Clausthal | Technische Universität Clausthal |
TU Delft | Technische Universiteit Delft |
TU Munich | Technische Universität München |
TU Wien | Technischen Universität Wien |
UCI | University of California at Irvine |
ZHAW | Zürcher Hochschule für Angewandte Wissenschaften |
Appendix A
Project Name | Location | Country Code | Company/University | Start Date | Electrolyzer Power (kWel) | Electrolysis Type | Electricity Source | Methanation Type | CO2 Source | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Activity and stability of powder and monolith-coated NiGDC catalysts for CO2 methanation | Messina | ITA | CNR-ITAE, University “Mediterranea” of Reggio Calabria, INSTM | 2017 | - | - | - | Catalytic | Bottled CO2 | [53] |
Audi e-gas | Wertle | DEU | Audi, ETOGAS GmbH, McPhy | 2013 | 6300 | Alkaline | Wind | Catalytic (fixed bed) | Biogas | [84] |
Biocatalytic methanation of hydrogen and carbon dioxide in a fixed bed bioreactor | Helsinki | FIN | Natural Resources Institute Finland | 2015 | n/a | PEM | n/a | Biological | Bottled CO2 | [46] |
Biocatalytic methanation of hydrogen and carbon dioxide in an anaerobic three-phase system | Cottbus | DEU | Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg | 2014 | n/a | n/a | n/a | Biological | Biogas | [49] |
bioCONNECT | Lemgo | DEU | Technische Hochschule Ostwestfalen-Lippe | 2016 | n/a | PEM | Renewable | Biological | Flue gas | [101] |
Bioelectrochemical systems for energy storage: A scaled-up power-to-gas approach | Terrassa | ESP | LEITAT Technological Center, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona | 2019 | n/a | Biological | Grid | Bioelectrochemical | Biogas | [23] |
BioPower2Gas | Allendorf | DEU | Microbenergy, Viessmann, Schmack | 2014 | 400 | PEM | Waste treatment | Biological | Biogas | [72] |
BIT3G project | Perugia | ITA | University of Perugia, TU Delft | 2018 | n/a | PEM | Renewable | Catalytic | Flue gas | [67] |
Catalytic methanation of carbon dioxide captured from ambient air | Novosibirsk | RUS | Boreskov Institute of Catalysis, Novosibirsk State University | 2018 | - | Bottled hydrogen | - | Catalytic | Air | [34] |
CCU P2C Salzbergen | Salzbergen | DEU | H&R Chemisch Pharmazeutische Spezialitäten GmbH, BMWi | 2024 | n/a | n/a | Renewable | n/a | Flue gas | [63] |
CO2 Conversion to Methane Project | Rayong province | THA | PTTEP, Hitachi Zosen | 2015 | n/a | Alkaline | Renewable | Catalytic (fixed bed) | n/a | [26] |
CO2 methanation in a bench-scale bubbling fluidized bed reactor using Ni-based catalyst and its exothermic heat transfer analysis | Daejeon | KOR | Korea Institute of Energy Research, Korea Electric Power Corporation Research Institute | 2020 | - | Bottled hydrogen | - | Catalytic (bubbling fluidized bed) | Bottled CO2 | [43] |
CO2 recycling by reaction with renewably generated hydrogen | Reno | USA | Desert Research Institute | 2009 | 1 | PEM | PV | Catalytic | Bottled CO2 | [36] |
CO2-Methanation of flue gas | Brandenburg | DEU | BTU, Panta Rhei | 2013 | - | Bottled hydrogen | n/a | Catalytic (fixed bed) | Flue gas | [66] |
CO2RRECT | Niederauβem | DEU | BTS, RWE Power, Siemens | 2013 | 100 | PEM | Renewable | Catalytic | Flue gas | [65] |
CO2-SNG pilot plant | Łaziska | POL | Institute for Chemical Processing of Coal, TAURON Wytwarzanie S.A. | 2019 | 122 | Alkaline | Grid | Catalytic (microchannel) | Flue gas | [38] |
CoSin project | Sant Adria de Besos | ESP | IREC, Ineratec GmbH, Accio | 2018 | 37 | Alkaline | Renewable | Catalytic | Biogas | [30,117] |
COSYMA | Werdhölzli (Zürich) | CHE | PSI | 2017 | n/a | n/a | Renewable | Catalytic (bubbling fluidized bed) | Biogas | [45] |
DemoSNG | Köping | SWE | DVGW, KIT | 2014 | 50 | PEM | Renewable | Catalytic (honeycomb catalyst) | Biomass gasification | [79] |
Dual function materials for CO2 capture and conversion using renewable H2 | New York | USA | Columbia University in the City of New York | 2014 | - | Bottled hydrogen | Renewable | Catalytic (fixed bed) | Flue gas | [57] |
Economic assessment of a power-to-substitute-natural-gas process including high-temperature steam electrolysis | Grenoble | FRA | CEA, PSL—Research University | 2015 | n/a | SOEC | n/a | n/a | n/a | [62] |
EDGaR synthetic methane project | n/a | NLD | ECN, TU Delft, Hanze Technical University | 2015 | n/a | SOEC | n/a | Catalytic (fixed bed) | Biomass gasification | [59,75,97,118] |
EE-Methan aus CO2 | Leoben | AUT | TU Wien, JKU Linz, Montanuniversität Leoben | 2015 | - | Bottled hydrogen | Renewable | Catalytic (honeycomb) | Biogas | [10] |
Einsatz der Biologischen Methanisierung für Power-to-Gas-Konzepte: Hochdruckmethanisierung von H2 | Hohenheim | DEU | University of Hohenheim, KIT | 2016 | n/a | n/a | n/a | Biological | Biogas | [108,109] |
El upgraded biogas | Foulum | DNK | Haldor Topsøe | 2016 | 50 | SOEC | Grid | Catalytic | Biogas | [31,32] |
Energieversorgung Lübesse | Lübesse | DEU | Exytron, Lübesse Energie GmbH | 2023 | 10000 | Alkaline | Wind | Catalytic | Flue gas, biogas | [87] |
Experiment and numerical analysis of catalytic CO2 methanation in bubbling fluidized bed reactor | Anseong | KOR | CoSPE, Korea Institute of Energy Research, Korea National University of Transportation | 2021 | - | - | - | Catalytic (bubbling fluidized bed) | Bottled CO2 | [33] |
Experimental analysis of photovoltaic integration with a proton exchange membrane electrolysis system for power-to-gas | Irvine | USA | University of California | 2017 | 7 | PEM | PV | - | - | [95] |
Exytron demonstration project | Rostock | DEU | Exytron | 2015 | 21 | Alkaline | PV | Catalytic | Flue gas | [68] |
Forschungsanlage am Technikum des PFI | Pirmasens | DEU | TU Clausthal, PFI Technical Centre | 2016 | 2500 | Alkaline | Renewable | Biological | Biogas | [102,119] |
HELMETH | Karlsruhe | DEU | KIT, Sunfire GmbH | 2018 | 15 | SOEC | n/a | Catalytic (fixed bed) | n/a | [12] |
High performance biological methanation in a thermophilic anaerobic trickle bed reactor | Garching | DEU | TU Munich, Bavarian State Research Center for Agriculture | 2017 | - | Bottled hydrogen | - | Biological | Bottled CO2 | [48] |
High-Performance Biogas Upgrading Using a Biotrickling Filter and Hydrogenotrophic Methanogens | Durham | USA | Duke University | 2017 | - | Bottled hydrogen | - | Biological | Bottled CO2 | [50] |
Hybrid power plant Aarmatt—STORE&GO Switzerland | Aarmatt | CHE | Regio Energie | 2015 | 350 | PEM | PV | Biological | Biogas | [106] |
Hybrid power plant Falkenhagen—STORE&GO Germany | Falkenhagen | DEU | Uniper Energy Storage GmbH, KIT | 2013 | 2000 | Alkaline | Wind | Catalytic (honeycomb) | Flue gas | [61] |
HyCAUNAIS Project | Saint-Florentin | FRA | Storengy, AREVA H2Gen, University of Franche Comté, Engie | 2019 | 1000 | PEM | Wind | Biological | Biogas | [112] |
INFINITY 1 | Pfaffenhofen a. d. Ilm | DEU | n/a | 2020 | 1000 | PEM | Renewable | Biological | Biogas | [107] |
Ingrid—STORE&GO Italy | Troia | ITA | Engineering, Hydrogenics, Climeworks | 2017 | 1000 | PEM | Wind, PV | Catalytic (micromethanation) | Air | [73] |
Integrated Co-Electrolysis and Syngas Methanation for the Direct Production of Synthetic Natural Gas from CO2 and H2O | Aachen | DEU | Aachen University, Eichel Institut für Energie | 2021 | n/a | SOEC | Renewable | Catalytic (fixed bed) | n/a | [51] |
Intensification of catalytic CO2 methanation mediated by in situ water removal through a high-temperature polymeric thin-film | Valencia | ESP | Universitat Politecnica de Valencia, Institute of Membrane Research, University of Twente | 2021 | - | Bottled hydrogen | - | Catalytic | Bottled CO2 | [60] |
Jupiter 1000 | Fos-sur-Mer | FRA | GRTgaz | 2018 | 1000 | Alkaline/PEM | Renewable | Catalytic | Flue gas | [24] |
Klimafreundliches Wohnen | Augsburg | DEU | Exytron | 2019 | 52 | Alkaline | PV | Catalytic | Flue gas | [69] |
Laboratory-scale experimental tests of power to gas–oxycombustion hybridization system design and preliminary results | Zaragoza | ESP | Universidad de Zaragoza, ARAID | 2021 | n/a | PEM | PV | Catalytic (fixed bed) | Flue gas | [81] |
Laboratory-scale reactor in Fraunhofer IWES | Kassel | DEU | Fraunhofer IWES | 2016 | 25 | Alkaline | Wind | Catalytic (fixed bed) | Air | [98] |
MeGa-stoRE | Lemvig | DNK | Aarhus University, GreenHydrogen | 2013 | 6 | Alkaline | Renewable | Catalytic | Biogas | [71] |
Methanation at Eichhof | Bad Hersfeld | DEU | Eichhof Agricultural Training and Research Center, Fraunhofer IWES | 2012 | 25 | PEM | Renewable | Catalytic | Biogas | [104] |
Methanation of carbon dioxide by hydrogen reduction using the Sabatier process in microchannel reactors | Richland | USA | Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Colorado School of Mines | 2006 | - | Bottled hydrogen | - | Catalytic (microchannel) | Bottled CO2 | [93] |
Methanation of recovered oxyfuel-CO2 from Ketzin and of flue gas emitted by conventional power plants | Cottbus | DEU | BTU Cottbus | 2015 | n/a | n/a | n/a | Catalytic (fixed bed) | Flue gas | [64,120] |
Methanation potential suitable catalyst and optimized process conditions for upgrading biogas to reach gas grid requirements | Flensburg | DEU | Hochschule Flensburg | 2019 | - | Bottled hydrogen | - | Catalytic | Biogas | [44] |
MethFuel | Frankfurt | DEU | Elogen, Infraserv Höchst, iGas energy | 2020 | 1000 | PEM | Renewable | Catalytic (bubble column reactor) | Flue gas, Air | [110] |
MethyCentre | Angé | FRA | Storengy | 2021 | 250 | PEM | Grid | Catalytic (millistructured) | Biogas | [116] |
Minerve | Nantes | FRA | AFUL Chantrerie, GRTgaz, Polytech Nantes | 2018 | 12 | PEM | PV | Catalytic (fixed bed) | Bottled CO2 | [86] |
Modeling of Laboratory Steam Methane Reforming and CO2 Methanation Reactors | Genova | ITA | University of Genova, INSTM | 2020 | - | n/a | - | Catalytic | n/a | [54] |
Morbach | Morbach | DEU | EtoGas, ZSW, juwi | 2011 | 25 | Alkaline | Wind, PV | Catalytic | Biogas | [96] |
ORBIT | Ibbenbüren | DEU | Universität Regensburg, Friedrich Alexander University | 2020 | 1 | n/a | PV | Biological | Biogas | [113] |
P2G movable modular plant operation on synthetic methane production from CO2 and hydrogen from renewable sources | Casaccia | ITA | ENEA, Politecnico di Milano | 2019 | - | Bottled hydrogen | - | Catalytic (fixed bed) | Bottled CO2 | [29] |
P2G Solar Energy Storage RD&D | Golden | USA | NREL, SoCalGas | 2014 | 250 | PEM | PV | Biological | Bottled CO2 | [99,100] |
P2G-BioCat | Avedøre | DNK | Electrochaea, Hydrogenics | 2016 | 1000 | Alkaline | Renewable | Biological | Biogas | [76] |
P2G-Foulum Project | Foulum | DNK | Electrochaea, E.ON | 2013 | 250 | n/a | Renewable | Biological | Biogas | [114] |
PEGASUS Project | n/a | ITA | ENEA, Società Gasdotti Italia SpA, SIAD | 2019 | n/a | n/a | Renewable | Catalytic | Biogas | [91] |
Performance analysis of Sabatier reaction on direct hydrogen inlet rates based on solar-to-gas conversion system | Miyazaki | JPN | University of Miyazaki | 2021 | n/a | PEM | PV | Catalytic | Bottled CO2 | [37] |
PID Eng&Tech | Bilbao | ESP | University of the Basque Country | 2021 | - | Bottled hydrogen | - | Catalytic | Bottled CO2 | [39,40,55] |
Pilot plant—Tohoku Institute of Technology | Sendai | JPN | Tohoku University | 1998 | n/a | Alkaline | PV | Catalytic | Flue gas | [19] |
Power to Flex | Groningen | NLD | Provincie Groningen, Nordwest Gruppe, Oosterhof Holman | 2016 | n/a | Alkaline | Renewable | Catalytic | Biogas | [28] |
Power to Gas 250 | Stuttgart | DEU | ETOGAS, ZSW, Fraunhofer IWES | 2012 | 250 | Alkaline | Renewable | Catalytic | n/a | [41,42] |
Power to Gas at Eucolino | Schwandorf | DEU | Viessmann, Microbenergy, Schmack | 2012 | 108 | n/a | n/a | Biological | Biogas | [27] |
Power to Gas biogas booster | Straubing | DEU | MicroPyros | 2015 | 10 | n/a | Renewable | Biological | Biogas | [83] |
Power to gas BTU Cottbus | Nordhackstedt | DEU | BTU, Flensburg University of Applied Sciences | 2012 | 500 | Alkaline | Wind | Biological | Biogas | [103] |
Power to gas Hungary | n/a | HUN | Electrochaea, MVM, University of Chicago | 2017 | 10000 | n/a | n/a | Biological | Biogas | [111] |
Power-to-Gas project in Rozenburg | Rozenburg | NLD | DNV, TKI Gas | 2014 | 8,3 | PEM | PV | Catalytic (fixed bed) | Bottled CO2 | [105] |
Power-to-Methane HSR | Rapperswil | CHE | HSR, Climeworks | 2015 | 25 | Alkaline | PV | Catalytic | Air | [74] |
ProGeo | Perugia | ITA | University of Perugia, ENEA | 2019 | 20 | n/a | - | Catalytic | Flue gas | [70,121] |
Pure methane from CO2 hydrogenation using a sorption-enhanced process with catalyst–zeolite bifunctional materials | Delft | NLD | Delft University of Technology, Åbo Akademi University | 2021 | - | Bottled hydrogen | - | Catalytic | Bottled CO2 | [58] |
Reduction and reuse of CO2: renewable fuels for efficient electricity production | Zurich | CHE | ZHAW, EMPA | 2014 | n/a | PEC | n/a | Catalytic (fixed bed) | Flue gas | [21] |
RENERG2 | Villigen | CHE | PSI, ZHAW, EMPA | 2016 | 100 | PEM | PV | Catalytic | Biomass gasification | [88,89] |
RENOVAGAS Project | Jerez de la Frontera | ESP | Enagas, ICP-CSIC | 2014 | 15 | Alkaline (anionic exchange membrane) | Renewable | Catalytic (microchannel) | Biogas | [22] |
Small-Scale Demonstrator in Sion | Sion | CHE | EPFL, EMPA | 2017 | 3,6 | PEM | PV | Catalytic | Bottled CO2 | [80] |
Smart Grid Labor | Hamburg | DEU | Hamburg University of Applied Sciences | 2015 | n/a | PEM | n/a | Biological | n/a | [90] |
Storage of electric energy from renewable sources in the natural gas grid—water electrolysis and synthesis of gas components | Baden-Wurtemberg | DEU | DVGW, EnBW, Fraunhofer ISE | 2011 | 6 | PEM | Wind, PV | Catalytic (fixed bed) | n/a | [115] |
Study of the role of chemical support and structured carrier on the CO2 methanation reaction | Fisciano | ITA | University of Salerno | 2018 | - | Bottled hydrogen | - | Catalytic | Bottled CO2 | [56] |
Swisspower Hybridkraftwerk | Diekiton | CHE | Swisspower, Limeco | 2021 | 2000 | PEM | Waste treatment | Biological | Flue gas | [78,92] |
SYMBIO | Lyngby | DNK | DTU-Environment, SDU | 2014 | n/a | n/a | Wind | Biological | Biogas | [47] |
SYNFUEL | Lyngby | DNK | Haldor Topsoe, Technical University of Denmark, Aalborg University | 2015 | n/a | SOEC | Wind | Catalytic | Biomass gasification | [85] |
Thermal management and methanation performance of a microchannel-based Sabatier reactor-heat exchanger utilising renewable hydrogen | Potchefstroom | ZAF | North-West University | 2020 | 8 | PEM | PV | Catalytic (microchannel) | Bottled CO2 | [35] |
Towards the Methane Society | Midtjylland-Region | DNK | PlanEnergi, Haldor Topsoe, Aarhus University | 2011 | n/a | n/a | Wind | Catalytic | Biogas | [77] |
UC Irvine power-to-gas (P2G) demonstration project | Irvine, Golden | USA | SoCalGas, UCI, NREL, NFCRC | 2017 | 60 | PEM | Wind, PV | Biological | Biogas | [94] |
W2P2G | Wijster | NLD | Attero, Gasunie, Audi | 2014 | 400 | n/a | Waste treatment | Catalytic | Biogas | [82] |
Project Name | Heat Management | Operating Condition Optimization | Materials | Carbon Capture | Design | Renewable Fuel Production | Integration within the Energy System | Technical and Economic Feasibility |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Activity and stability of powder and monolith-coated NiGDC catalysts for CO2 methanation | ✔ | |||||||
Audi e-gas | ✔ | ✔ | ||||||
Biocatalytic methanation of hydrogen and carbon dioxide in a fixed bed bioreactor | ✔ | ✔ | ||||||
Biocatalytic methanation of hydrogen and carbon dioxide in an anaerobic three-phase system | ✔ | ✔ | ||||||
bioCONNECT | ✔ | ✔ | ||||||
Bioelectrochemical systems for energy storage: A scaled-up power-to-gas approach | ✔ | |||||||
BioPower2Gas | ✔ | ✔ | ||||||
BIT3G project | ✔ | ✔ | ||||||
Catalytic methanation of carbon dioxide captured from ambient air | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | |||||
CCU P2C Salzbergen | ✔ | |||||||
CO2 Conversion to Methane Project | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | |||||
CO2 methanation in a bench-scale bubbling fluidized bed reactor using Ni-based catalyst and its exothermic heat transfer analysis | ✔ | |||||||
CO2 recycling by reaction with renewably generated hydrogen | ✔ | ✔ | ||||||
CO2-Methanation of flue gas | ✔ | |||||||
CO2RRECT | ✔ | ✔ | ||||||
CO2-SNG pilot plant | ✔ | ✔ | ||||||
CoSin project | ✔ | ✔ | ||||||
COSYMA | ✔ | ✔ | ||||||
DemoSNG | ✔ | ✔ | ||||||
Dual function materials for CO2 capture and conversion using renewable H2 | ✔ | ✔ | ||||||
Economic assessment of a power-to-substitute-natural-gas process including high-temperature steam electrolysis | ✔ | |||||||
EDGaR synthetic methane project | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | |||||
EE-Methan aus CO2 | ✔ | ✔ | ||||||
Einsatz der Biologischen Methanisierung für Power-to-Gas-Konzepte: Hochdruckmethanisierung von H2 | ✔ | |||||||
El upgraded biogas | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ||||
Energieversorgung Lübesse | ✔ | ✔ | ||||||
Experiment and numerical analysis of catalytic CO2 methanation in bubbling fluidized bed reactor | ✔ | |||||||
Experimental analysis of photovoltaic integration with a proton exchange membrane electrolysis system for power-to-gas | ✔ | |||||||
Exytron demonstration project | ✔ | ✔ | ||||||
Forschungsanlage am Technikum des PFI | ✔ | |||||||
HELMETH | ✔ | ✔ | ||||||
High performance biological methanation in a thermophilic anaerobic trickle bed reactor | ✔ | ✔ | ||||||
High-Performance Biogas Upgrading Using a Biotrickling Filter and Hydrogenotrophic Methanogens | ✔ | ✔ | ||||||
Hybrid power plant Aarmatt—STORE&GO Switzerland | ✔ | |||||||
Hybrid power plant Falkenhagen—STORE&GO Germany | ✔ | |||||||
HyCAUNAIS Project | ✔ | |||||||
INFINITY 1 | ✔ | |||||||
Ingrid—STORE&GO Italy | ✔ | ✔ | ||||||
Integrated Co-Electrolysis and Syngas Methanation for the Direct Production of Synthetic Natural Gas from CO2 and H2O | ✔ | ✔ | ||||||
Intensification of catalytic CO2 methanation mediated by in situ water removal through a high-temperature polymeric thin-film | ✔ | |||||||
Jupiter 1000 | ✔ | |||||||
Klimafreundliches Wohnen | ✔ | |||||||
Laboratory-scale experimental tests of power to gas–oxycombustion hybridization system design and preliminary results | ✔ | ✔ | ||||||
Laboratory-scale reactor in Fraunhofer IWES | ✔ | |||||||
MeGa-stoRE | ✔ | |||||||
Methanation at Eichhof | ✔ | |||||||
Methanation of carbon dioxide by hydrogen reduction using the Sabatier process in microchannel reactors | ✔ | |||||||
Methanation of recovered oxyfuel–CO2 from Ketzin and of flue gas emitted by conventional power plants | ✔ | |||||||
Methanation potential suitable catalyst and optimized process conditions for upgrading biogas to reach gas grid requirements | ✔ | ✔ | ||||||
MethFuel | ✔ | |||||||
MethyCentre | ✔ | |||||||
Minerve | ✔ | |||||||
Modeling of Laboratory Steam Methane Reforming and CO2 Methanation Reactors | ✔ | |||||||
Morbach | ✔ | |||||||
ORBIT | ✔ | |||||||
P2G movable modular plant operation on synthetic methane production from CO2 and hydrogen from renewables sources | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | |||||
P2G Solar Energy Storage RD & D | ✔ | ✔ | ||||||
P2G-BioCat | ✔ | ✔ | ||||||
P2G-Foulum Project | ✔ | |||||||
PEGASUS Project | ✔ | |||||||
Performance analysis of Sabatier reaction on direct hydrogen inlet rates based on solar-to-gas conversion system | ✔ | |||||||
PID Eng&Tech | ✔ | ✔ | ||||||
Pilot plant—Tohoku Institute of Technology | ✔ | ✔ | ||||||
Powe to Flex | ✔ | |||||||
Power to Gas 250 | ✔ | ✔ | ||||||
Power to Gas at Eucolino | ✔ | |||||||
Power to Gas biogas booster | ✔ | |||||||
Power to gas BTU Cottbus | ✔ | |||||||
Power to gas Hungary | ✔ | |||||||
Power-to-Gas project in Rozenburg | ✔ | ✔ | ||||||
Power-to-Methane HSR | ✔ | |||||||
ProGeo | ✔ | ✔ | ||||||
Pure methane from CO2 hydrogenation using a sorption-enhanced process with catalyst–zeolite bifunctional materials | ✔ | |||||||
Reduction and reuse of CO2: renewable fuels for efficient electricity production | ✔ | ✔ | ||||||
RENERG2 | ✔ | |||||||
RENOVAGAS Project | ✔ | ✔ | ||||||
Small-Scale Demonstrator in Sion | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | |||||
Smart Grid Labor | ✔ | |||||||
Storage of electric energy from renewable sources in the natural gas grid—water electrolysis and synthesis of gas components | ✔ | |||||||
Study of the role of chemical support and structured carrier on the CO2 methanation reaction | ✔ | |||||||
Swisspower Hybridkraftwerk | ✔ | ✔ | ||||||
SYMBIO | ✔ | |||||||
SYNFUEL | ✔ | ✔ | ||||||
Thermal management and methanation performance of a microchannel-based Sabatier reactor–heat exchanger utilising renewable hydrogen | ✔ | ✔ | ||||||
Towards the Methane Society | ✔ | |||||||
UC Irvine power-to-gas (P2G) demonstration project | ✔ | ✔ | ||||||
W2P2G | ✔ |
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Barbaresi, A.; Morini, M.; Gambarotta, A. Review on the Status of the Research on Power-to-Gas Experimental Activities. Energies 2022, 15, 5942. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15165942
Barbaresi A, Morini M, Gambarotta A. Review on the Status of the Research on Power-to-Gas Experimental Activities. Energies. 2022; 15(16):5942. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15165942
Chicago/Turabian StyleBarbaresi, Andrea, Mirko Morini, and Agostino Gambarotta. 2022. "Review on the Status of the Research on Power-to-Gas Experimental Activities" Energies 15, no. 16: 5942. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15165942