A Comprehensive Review of Demand-Side Management Based on Analysis of Productivity: Techniques and Applications
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. A Glimpse into Demand-Side Management (DSM)
1.2. DSM Strategies
1.3. Role of DSM in Energy Management
1.4. Motivation, Needs, and Aims
2. DSM Indices
2.1. Demand Factor
2.2. Utilization Factor
2.3. Load Factor
2.4. Capacity Factor
2.5. Delivery Factor
2.6. Regulation Factor
2.7. Adequacy Coefficient
2.8. System Productivity
2.9. Energy Productivity
2.10. DSM Index
3. Classification and Analysis of DSM
3.1. Load Profile Improvement
- If the local peak clipping occurs in the peak load periods, the load factor will improve,
- If the load consumption is added in off-peak load periods but does not exceed from the old peak, the load factor will improve.
3.2. Demand Matching
3.3. Energy-Consumption Reduction
3.4. Energy-Efficiency Enhancement
4. Comprehensive Model of DR
- In the permissive band, an incentive is assigned for efficacious change of load demand (curtailment of load demand for peak load periods and augment of load demand for off-peak load periods). Moreover, a penalty is assigned on based on the value of breach.
- In the compensative band, a fixed incentive was assigned for the efficacious change of load demand (curtailment of load demand for peak load periods and augment of load demand for off-peak load periods). Moreover, a fixed out-of-domain penalty was assigned based on the value of the specified contracted level.
- In the forbidden band, three penalties were determined. The first penalty was assigned to an inappropriate change of load demand (curtailment of load demand for off-peak load periods and augment of load demand for peak load periods). The second penalty was based on the value of breach. The third penalty was assigned to the forbidden load consumption state.
4.1. Payment for Peak Load Periods
4.2. Payment for off-Peak Load Periods
4.3. Individual Payments for Each Band
4.4. Unified Function for Total Payment
4.5. Model of DR for Elastic Loads
4.5.1. Model of Single-Period DR for Elastic Loads
4.5.2. Model of Multi-Period DR for Elastic Loads
5. Illustrative Implementation
6. Conclusions
- Reconsideration of DSM contexts from the productivity perspective,
- Innovation of a general DSM index containing the elementary attributes of energy management in the electrical energy systems,
- Developing a modified DR model that enhances the efficacious of load profile improvement in contrast with the conventional model,
- Embedment of rational payment criteria in the modified DR model that precisely determines the incentive and penalties by considering the unforeseeable reaction of the customers in energy consumption.
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Nomenclature
Payment for change (PFC) rate at time t | |
Initial load demand value at t-th hour | |
Load demand value at t-th hour | |
Load demand change at t-th hour | |
Demand factor | |
Demand-side management (DSM) index | |
Contracted load demand | |
Self-elasticity | |
Cross-elasticity | |
Delivered energy | |
Demanded energy | |
Available energy resource capacity | |
Energy productivity | |
Supplied energy | |
Useful energy | |
Capacity factor | |
Delivery factor | |
Utilization factor | |
Distinction factor of hour types | |
Unit ramp function | |
Heaviside step function | |
Dirac delta function | |
Unit doublet function | |
Consumption efficiency | |
Grid efficiency | |
Unified function of payment for change at t-th hour | |
Peak load demand after load curve reshaping | |
Peak load demand before load curve reshaping | |
Function that describes suppliable electrical load curve | |
System productivity | |
Unified function of payment for deviation at t-th hour | |
Unified function of total payment at t-th hour | |
Payment for change (PFC) coefficient at t-th hour | |
Payment for deviation (PFD) coefficient at t-th hour | |
Adequacy coefficient | |
Up-front reservation rate at t-th hour | |
Load factor | |
Load factor after load curve reshaping | |
Load factor before load curve reshaping | |
Amount of change in load factor | |
Maximum suppliable electrical power | |
Function that describes supplied electrical power curve | |
Length of permissive band | |
Regulation factor | |
Initial electricity price at t-th hour | |
Spot electricity price at t-th hour | |
Electricity price change at t-th hour | |
Payment for deviation (PFD) rate at t-th hour | |
Final payment | |
Payment for change at t-th hour | |
Payment for deviation at t-th hour | |
Function that describes load curve | |
Fixed clipped load demand value | |
Function that describes load curve after load curve reshaping | |
Function that describes load curve before load curve reshaping | |
Peak load demand | |
Initial time | |
Final time | |
Total payment at t-th hour | |
Boundary particular value of triplet bands |
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Capability of DSM | Advantage/Importance | Reference(s) |
---|---|---|
DSM can provide dispatchable loads | Enhancement of demand flexibility | [2,8,9,10] |
DSM influences the operation issues | Enhancement of operational flexibility for the system | [11,12,13,14] |
DSM can improve the energy resources utilization | Energy-productivity enhancement | [15,16] |
DSM can improve the energy-system-asset utilization | Asset-productivity enhancement | [17] |
DSM can reduce required generation capacity at peak load periods | Reduction of the generation margin | [18,19,20] |
DSM can lower the exploiting of energy sources | Mitigation in emissions of environmental pollutants | [21,22,23,24] |
DSM can thriftily provide reserve requirements | Sustainment of energy services | [25] |
DSM can mitigate intermittency problem due to renewable energies | Attainment of demand–supply balance | [26,27,28] |
DSM can affect optimal size and control of energy-storage systems | Investment productivity improvement | [29,30] |
DSM can improve demand matching | Efficacious energy management | [31,32,33] |
DSM can be coordinated with power quality issues | Integrated techno-economical frameworks | [34] |
DSM can facilitate demand-side integration in smart grids | Competitive-markets implementation | [35,36,37] |
DSM can reflect the actual energy price toward end-use customers | Dynamic-pricing implementation | [38,39], |
DSM can sustain the corrective actions vs. preventive control | Security-framework improvement | [40,41,42] |
DSM can lower the congestion in the transmission system | Improvement of planning expansion of transmission grids | [43] |
Paper | Scope/Significant Issue | DSM Categorization |
---|---|---|
[65] |
|
|
[66] |
|
|
[67] | The effect of DSM on the power system from four general viewpoints:
|
|
[68] | Assessment of different categories of DR potential, including theoretical, technical, economical, and general achievable potentials. |
|
[69] | Ongoing strategies in the area of the active building of energy-management systems, considering the necessity of the following:
|
|
This work |
|
|
Energy-Conservation Modalities | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Context | Productivity improvement | Environmental considerations | ||
Energy Recovery | Energy Audit | Energy Audit | Energy Saving | |
Objective | Useful energy intensification | Energy-efficiency enhancement | Terminal energy reduction | Service withdrawal |
Restriction | Fixed terminal energy | Fixed useful energy | Fixed useful energy | Fixed energy efficiency |
Consequence | Energy-loss decrease | Energy-loss decrease | Energy-loss decrease | Energy-loss decrease |
Evaluation index | Delivery factor | Energy efficiency | Utilization factor | Regulation factor |
Period Type | Area of New Demand | Payment Type | Characteristic | Payment Formula |
---|---|---|---|---|
Peak | Forbidden Band | PFC | Peak-load-intensification penalty | |
Peak | Forbidden Band | PFD component | Forbidden-band penalty | |
Peak | Forbidden Band | PFD component | Penalty for deviation from domain | |
Peak | Forbidden Band | PFD component | Out-of-domain penalty | |
Peak | Permissive Band | PFC | Variable incentive | |
Peak | Permissive Band | PFD | Penalty of breach | |
Peak | Compensative Band | PFC | None | 0 |
Peak | Compensative Band | PFD component | Penalty of breach | |
Peak | Compensative Band | PFD component | Out-of-domain penalty | |
Off-Peak | Compensative Band | PFC | Fixed incentive | |
Off-Peak | Compensative Band | PFD component | Penalty of breach | |
Off-Peak | Compensative Band | PFD component | Out-of-domain penalty | |
Off-Peak | Permissive Band | PFC | Incentive | |
Off-Peak | Permissive Band | PFD | Penalty of breach | |
Off-Peak | Forbidden Band | PFC | Peak-load-intensification penalty | |
Off-Peak | Forbidden Band | PFD component | Forbidden-band penalty | |
Off-Peak | Forbidden Band | PFD component | Penalty for deviation from domain | |
Off-Peak | Forbidden Band | PFD component | Out-of-domain penalty |
DR Strategies | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Price-Based Programs | Incentive-Based Programs | ||||||
Motivative | Voluntary | Mandatory | |||||
DR Factors | TOU | CPP | RTP | TDLC | VRP | CAP | CILC |
PFC coefficient | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
PFD coefficient | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
Up-front reservation payment | - | - | - | ✓ | - | ✓ | - |
Threefold frame * | ✓ | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Dynamic pricing | - | - | ✓ | - | - | - | - |
Artificial peak | - | ✓ | - | - | - | - | - |
DR Strategies | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Price-Based Programs | Incentive-Based Programs | ||||||
Motivative | Voluntary | Mandatory | |||||
Load Factors | TOU | CPP | RTP | TDLC | VRP | CAP | CILC |
Primary Pattern | 0.7843 | 0.7260 | 0.7843 | 0.7843 | 0.7843 | 0.7843 | 0.7843 |
Customary Model | 0.8226 | 0.8153 | 0.7995 | 0.8157 | 0.8315 | 0.8320 | 0.8408 |
Modified Model | 08480 | 0.8413 | 0.8052 | 0.8501 | 0.8555 | 0.8662 | 0.8674 |
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Rezaei, N.; Ahmadi, A.; Deihimi, M. A Comprehensive Review of Demand-Side Management Based on Analysis of Productivity: Techniques and Applications. Energies 2022, 15, 7614. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15207614
Rezaei N, Ahmadi A, Deihimi M. A Comprehensive Review of Demand-Side Management Based on Analysis of Productivity: Techniques and Applications. Energies. 2022; 15(20):7614. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15207614
Chicago/Turabian StyleRezaei, Navid, Abdollah Ahmadi, and Mohammadhossein Deihimi. 2022. "A Comprehensive Review of Demand-Side Management Based on Analysis of Productivity: Techniques and Applications" Energies 15, no. 20: 7614. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15207614