Figure 1.
The schematic diagram and T-s diagram of the SF system (a) schematic diagram; (b) T-s diagram.
Figure 1.
The schematic diagram and T-s diagram of the SF system (a) schematic diagram; (b) T-s diagram.
Figure 2.
The schematic diagram and T-s diagram of the ORC system. (a) schematic diagram; (b) T-s diagram.
Figure 2.
The schematic diagram and T-s diagram of the ORC system. (a) schematic diagram; (b) T-s diagram.
Figure 3.
The schematic diagram and T-s diagram of the SFORC system. (a) schematic diagram; (b) T-s diagram.
Figure 3.
The schematic diagram and T-s diagram of the SFORC system. (a) schematic diagram; (b) T-s diagram.
Figure 4.
Variation curves of production capacity parameters of heat carrier with tHCF under the different steam quality: (a) mass flow rate, (b) enthalpy and (c) absolute enthalpy difference.
Figure 4.
Variation curves of production capacity parameters of heat carrier with tHCF under the different steam quality: (a) mass flow rate, (b) enthalpy and (c) absolute enthalpy difference.
Figure 5.
Variation curves of productivity parameters of heat carrier with tHCF under different RCO2: (a) mass flow rate, (b) enthalpy and (c) absolute enthalpy difference.
Figure 5.
Variation curves of productivity parameters of heat carrier with tHCF under different RCO2: (a) mass flow rate, (b) enthalpy and (c) absolute enthalpy difference.
Figure 6.
Variation curves of wellhead productivity parameters of heat carrier with RCO2 under different steam quality: (a) mass flow rate, (b) enthalpy and (c) absolute enthalpy difference.
Figure 6.
Variation curves of wellhead productivity parameters of heat carrier with RCO2 under different steam quality: (a) mass flow rate, (b) enthalpy and (c) absolute enthalpy difference.
Figure 7.
Variation curves of production capacity parameters of heat carrier with tHCF under different qualities: (a) volume flow rate, (b) enthalpy and (c) absolute enthalpy difference.
Figure 7.
Variation curves of production capacity parameters of heat carrier with tHCF under different qualities: (a) volume flow rate, (b) enthalpy and (c) absolute enthalpy difference.
Figure 8.
Variation curves of productivity parameters of heat carrier with tHCF under different RCO2: (a) volume flow rate, (b1,b2) enthalpy and (c) absolute enthalpy difference.
Figure 8.
Variation curves of productivity parameters of heat carrier with tHCF under different RCO2: (a) volume flow rate, (b1,b2) enthalpy and (c) absolute enthalpy difference.
Figure 9.
Variation curves of wellhead productivity parameters of heat carrier with RCO2 under different steam quality: (a1,a2) mass flow rate, (b) enthalpy and (c) absolute enthalpy difference.
Figure 9.
Variation curves of wellhead productivity parameters of heat carrier with RCO2 under different steam quality: (a1,a2) mass flow rate, (b) enthalpy and (c) absolute enthalpy difference.
Figure 10.
Variation curves of production capacity parameters of heat carrier with tHCF under different steam quality: (a) volume flow rate, (b) mass flow rate, (c) enthalpy and (d) absolute enthalpy difference.
Figure 10.
Variation curves of production capacity parameters of heat carrier with tHCF under different steam quality: (a) volume flow rate, (b) mass flow rate, (c) enthalpy and (d) absolute enthalpy difference.
Figure 11.
Variation curves of production capacity parameters of heat carrier with tHCF under different RCO2: (a) volume flow rate, (b) mass flow rate, (c) enthalpy and (d) absolute enthalpy difference.
Figure 11.
Variation curves of production capacity parameters of heat carrier with tHCF under different RCO2: (a) volume flow rate, (b) mass flow rate, (c) enthalpy and (d) absolute enthalpy difference.
Figure 12.
Variation curves of production capacity parameters of heat carrier with RCO2 under different steam quality: (a) volume flow rate, (b) mass flow rate, (c) enthalpy and (d) absolute enthalpy difference.
Figure 12.
Variation curves of production capacity parameters of heat carrier with RCO2 under different steam quality: (a) volume flow rate, (b) mass flow rate, (c) enthalpy and (d) absolute enthalpy difference.
Figure 13.
Variation trend of Wnet of three energy conversion systems: (a) SF system, (b) ORC system and (c) SFORC system.
Figure 13.
Variation trend of Wnet of three energy conversion systems: (a) SF system, (b) ORC system and (c) SFORC system.
Figure 14.
Optimal flash/evaporation temperature corresponding to the optimal Wnet under different steam quality and temperatures of heat-carrying fluid: (a) SF system, (b) ORC system and (c) SFORC system.
Figure 14.
Optimal flash/evaporation temperature corresponding to the optimal Wnet under different steam quality and temperatures of heat-carrying fluid: (a) SF system, (b) ORC system and (c) SFORC system.
Figure 15.
Optimal flash/evaporation temperature corresponding to the optimal Wnet under different RCO2 and temperatures of heat-carrying fluid: (a) SF system, (b) ORC system and (c) SFORC system.
Figure 15.
Optimal flash/evaporation temperature corresponding to the optimal Wnet under different RCO2 and temperatures of heat-carrying fluid: (a) SF system, (b) ORC system and (c) SFORC system.
Figure 16.
Variation of optimal thermodynamic parameters of the SF system with steam quality at different heat carrier temperatures: (a) Wnet, SF, (b) ηth, SF and (c) ηex, SF.
Figure 16.
Variation of optimal thermodynamic parameters of the SF system with steam quality at different heat carrier temperatures: (a) Wnet, SF, (b) ηth, SF and (c) ηex, SF.
Figure 17.
Variation of optimal thermodynamic parameters of the ORC system with steam quality at different heat carrier temperatures: (a) Wnet, ORC, (b) ηth, ORC and (c) ηex, ORC.
Figure 17.
Variation of optimal thermodynamic parameters of the ORC system with steam quality at different heat carrier temperatures: (a) Wnet, ORC, (b) ηth, ORC and (c) ηex, ORC.
Figure 18.
Variation of optimal thermodynamic parameters of the SFORC system with steam quality at different heat carrier temperatures: (a) Wnet, SFORC, (b) ηth, SFORC and (c) ηex, SFORC.
Figure 18.
Variation of optimal thermodynamic parameters of the SFORC system with steam quality at different heat carrier temperatures: (a) Wnet, SFORC, (b) ηth, SFORC and (c) ηex, SFORC.
Figure 19.
Variation of optimal thermodynamic parameters of the SF system with RCO2 at different heat carrier temperatures: (a) Wnet, SF, (b) ηth, SF and (c) ηex, SF.
Figure 19.
Variation of optimal thermodynamic parameters of the SF system with RCO2 at different heat carrier temperatures: (a) Wnet, SF, (b) ηth, SF and (c) ηex, SF.
Figure 20.
Variation of optimal thermodynamic parameters of the ORC system with RCO2 at different heat carrier temperatures: (a) Wnet, ORC, (b) ηth, ORC and (c) ηex, ORC.
Figure 20.
Variation of optimal thermodynamic parameters of the ORC system with RCO2 at different heat carrier temperatures: (a) Wnet, ORC, (b) ηth, ORC and (c) ηex, ORC.
Figure 21.
Variation of optimal thermodynamic parameters of the SFORC system with RCO2 at different heat carrier temperatures: (a) Wnet, SFORC, (b) ηth, SFORC and (c) ηex, SFORC.
Figure 21.
Variation of optimal thermodynamic parameters of the SFORC system with RCO2 at different heat carrier temperatures: (a) Wnet, SFORC, (b) ηth, SFORC and (c) ηex, SFORC.
Table 1.
Comparative results of SF system between this paper and a previous study.
Table 1.
Comparative results of SF system between this paper and a previous study.
State | Working Fluid | T (K) | p (MPa) | h (kJ/kg) |
---|
Present Study | Ref. [48] | Present Study | Ref. [48] | Present Study | Ref. [48] |
---|
1(E1) | water | 573.2 | 573.2 | 8.840 | 8.584 | 1344 | 1344 |
2(E2) | water | 488.2 | 488.2 | 0.8918 | 0.8918 | 1344 | 1344 |
3(E7) | water | 488.2 | 488.2 | 0.8918 | 0.8918 | 741.2 | 741.2 |
4(E3) | water | 488.2 | 488.2 | 0.8918 | 0.8918 | 2773 | 2773 |
5(E4) | water | 323.1 | 323.1 | 0.01234 | 0.01234 | 2285 | 2253 |
6(E8) | water | 411.05 | 411.9 | 0.3404 | 0.3489 | 580.3 | 584.0 |
Table 2.
Comparative results of ORC system between this paper and a previous study.
Table 2.
Comparative results of ORC system between this paper and a previous study.
Substance | tHCF, in (°C) | te (°C) | tHCF, out (°C) | pmax (MPa) | mr_ORC (kg/s) | ηth (%) | Source |
---|
R245fa | 120.0 | 110.0 | 50.70 | 1.269 | 33.80 | 11.98 | Present study |
1.267 | 33.42 | 12.52 | Ref. [49] |
Table 3.
The mass flow rate of heat-carrying fluid under different steam quality.
Table 3.
The mass flow rate of heat-carrying fluid under different steam quality.
RCO2 (%) | mHCF (kg/s) (xHCF = 0) | mHCF (kg/s) (xHCF = 0.4) | mHCF (kg/s) (xHCF = 0.5) | mHCF (kg/s) (xHCF = 0.9) |
---|
0 | 24.64 | 0.3548 | 0.2847 | 0.1590 |
1 | 24.40 | 0.3545 | 0.2851 | 0.1606 |
2 | 24.15 | 0.3542 | 0.2855 | 0.1623 |
3 | 23.91 | 0.3539 | 0.2859 | 0.1640 |
4 | 23.67 | 0.3536 | 0.2863 | 0.1656 |
5 | 23.42 | 0.3533 | 0.2867 | 0.1673 |
Table 4.
The thermophysical properties of R601 [
52].
Table 4.
The thermophysical properties of R601 [
52].
Substance | M (kg/mol) | tb (°C) | tcri (°C) | Pcri (MPa) | ODP | GWP (100 yr) |
---|
R601 | 72.15 | 36.00 | 196.50 | 3.37 | 0 | ~20 |
Table 5.
Relevant parameters of the energy conversion system.
Table 5.
Relevant parameters of the energy conversion system.
Parameter | Value | Parameter | Value |
---|
tHCF (°C) | 100–200 | ηT (%) | 75 |
VHCF (m3/h) | 360 | ηhp/ηcp (%) | 75 |
RCO2 (%) | 0~5 | ηP (%) | 60 |
X | 0~0.9 | ηF (%) | 75 |
tc (°C) | 20 | tpp (°C) | 5 |
tcw, in (°C) | 6 | ηm (%) | 98 |
tcw, out (°C) | 16 | ηG (%) | 97 |