Enhancement of the Biofuel Characteristics of Empty Fruit Bunches through Hydrothermal Carbonization by Decreasing the Inorganic Matters
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Empty Fruit Bunches (EFB)
2.2. Hydrothermal Carbonization (HTC)
2.3. Analysis of the Chemical Properties of EFB
2.4. Equilibrium Moisture Content (EMC) Test
2.5. Agglomeration Test
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Changes in the Physical and Chemical Properties of EFB Due to HTC
3.2. Enhanced EMC
3.3. Degree of Agglomeration
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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EFB | Hydrothermal Carbonization at | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
180 °C | 200 °C | 230 °C | 250 °C | 270 °C | 300 °C | ||
Ultimate analysis (wt.%, on dry basis) | |||||||
Carbon | 46.05 | 47.85 | 47.53 | 51.43 | 56.77 | 68.57 | 68.86 |
Hydrogen | 5.80 | 5.97 | 5.96 | 5.82 | 5.04 | 4.96 | 4.84 |
Oxygen | 44.50 | 44.86 | 45.16 | 40.52 | 34.97 | 23.07 | 22.19 |
Nitrogen | 0.34 | 0.28 | 0.27 | 0.40 | 0.75 | 0.87 | 0.94 |
Atomic O/C ratio | 0.72 | 0.70 | 0.71 | 0.59 | 0.46 | 0.25 | 0.24 |
Atomic H/C ratio | 1.51 | 1.50 | 1.51 | 1.36 | 1.07 | 0.87 | 0.84 |
Proximate analysis (wt.%, on dry basis) | |||||||
Fixed carbon | 15.61 | 18.52 | 18.74 | 24.24 | 33.67 | 49.04 | 52.11 |
Volatile matter | 80.67 | 80.45 | 80.02 | 73.93 | 63.86 | 48.43 | 44.71 |
Ash | 3.72 | 1.02 | 1.24 | 1.84 | 2.46 | 2.53 | 3.17 |
Fuel ratio | 0.19 | 0.23 | 0.23 | 0.33 | 0.53 | 1.01 | 1.17 |
Calorific value (MJ/kg) | 16.5 | 19.15 | 19.91 | 19.93 | 22.89 | 26.24 | 26.99 |
Component (wt.%) | Raw | Hydrothermal Carbonization at | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
180 °C | 200 °C | 230 °C | 250 °C | 270 °C | 300 °C | ||
MgO | 1.79 | 0.00 | 0.71 | 0.44 | 0.76 | 0.71 | 1.03 |
Al2O3 | 0.38 | 1.55 | 1.90 | 2.04 | 2.17 | 2.54 | 2.37 |
SiO2 | 11.50 | 32.92 | 41.97 | 48.57 | 40.58 | 39.62 | 39.82 |
P2O5 | 2.02 | 1.39 | 1.24 | 2.28 | 5.12 | 4.41 | 7.67 |
SO3 | 2.66 | 16.15 | 11.14 | 9.90 | 10.13 | 15.66 | 12.93 |
Cl | 4.88 | 2.34 | 2.41 | 2.16 | 1.64 | 1.88 | 1.51 |
K2O | 62.43 | 23.22 | 22.28 | 20.69 | 16.09 | 16.57 | 11.44 |
CaO | 9.04 | 3.77 | 6.02 | 6.11 | 13.63 | 11.50 | 15.42 |
Cr2O3 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.56 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
Fe2O3 | 2.57 | 6.70 | 4.63 | 3.97 | 6.07 | 4.04 | 4.99 |
SnO2 | 2.74 | 11.96 | 7.71 | 3.84 | 3.25 | 3.06 | 2.83 |
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Ryu, D.; Lee, J.; Kim, D.; Jang, K.; Lee, J.; Kim, D. Enhancement of the Biofuel Characteristics of Empty Fruit Bunches through Hydrothermal Carbonization by Decreasing the Inorganic Matters. Energies 2022, 15, 8154. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15218154
Ryu D, Lee J, Kim D, Jang K, Lee J, Kim D. Enhancement of the Biofuel Characteristics of Empty Fruit Bunches through Hydrothermal Carbonization by Decreasing the Inorganic Matters. Energies. 2022; 15(21):8154. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15218154
Chicago/Turabian StyleRyu, Doyoon, Jongkeun Lee, Doyong Kim, Kyehwan Jang, Jongwook Lee, and Daegi Kim. 2022. "Enhancement of the Biofuel Characteristics of Empty Fruit Bunches through Hydrothermal Carbonization by Decreasing the Inorganic Matters" Energies 15, no. 21: 8154. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15218154