Enhanced Heat Transfer Using Oil-Based Nanofluid Flow through Conduits: A Review
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Nanofluids: Preparation and Stabilization
Preparation of Nanofluids
3. Governing Equation and Correlation Used to Calculate Thermo Physical Properties of Nanofluids
3.1. Thermal Conductivity
3.2. Density
3.3. Specific Heat Capacity
3.4. Viscosity
4. Investigations of Heat Transfer Characteristics of Oil-Based Nanofluids for Varying Particle Concentration in Various Applications
5. Application-Based Investigation of Oil-Based Nanofluids
5.1. Investigation on Nhanced Oil Recovery Using Oil Based Nanofluids
5.2. Investigation on Heat Exchanger Tube/Channel Using Oil-Based Nanofluids
5.3. Investigations on Medicine Using Oil-Based Nanofluids
5.4. Investigation on Solar Collectors Using Oil-Based Nanofluids
6. Oil-Based Review of Different Nanofluids Analyzed
6.1. I Examination on Crude Oil-Based Nanofluids
6.2. Examination of Vegetable Oil-Based Nanofluids
6.3. Study on Pure Oil-Based Nanofluids
6.4. Exploration on Palm-Oil-Based Nanofluids
6.5. Exploration on Engine-Oil-Based Nanofluids
6.6. Investigations on Mineral-Oil-Based Nanofluids
6.7. Examination on Thermal-Oil-Based Nanofluids
7. Comparative Study
8. Research Gaps, Challenges, and Future Works
9. Conclusions
- The use of nanoparticles suspended in oil leads to a remarkable reduction in the specific energy requirement during grinding operation.
- Nanoparticles with Cu and Zn as the chief constituents have high and low densities, respectively, whereas hybrid nanoparticles with the same concentrations have average densities. Compared to nano-SiC, nano-diamond and nano-copper have better results in reducing the cutting forces.
- The HTC of nanofluids is improved by volume concentration and temperature augmentation. The maximum convective heat transfer enhancement for is 81%, compared to the base fluid at a volume concentration and temperature of 3.0 and 70 °C, respectively.
- The use of nanoparticles enhances thermal conductivity, anti-frictional properties, and cooling-lubrication characteristics of various oils. Similarly, the wettability of the oil is significantly enhanced with nano-suspension.
- The thermal conductivity of water-based nanofluids is improved by 19.14% and the ethylene glycol-based nanofluid is improved by 11.85%. Likewise, the viscosity of water-based and ethylene-glycol-based nanofluids is enhanced by 1.70 and 1.42 times, respectively.
- Silver/oil nanofluids are prolific in increasing the Nu in a thermal system. The thermal conductivity of nanofluids is directly proportional to the nanoparticle concentration. The stability of and nanofluids depends on the concentration of the chemical agents added. The stability of the nanofluids increases up to φ = 0.1%; with a further increase in φ, the stability starts to decrease.
- Adding nanoparticles with different volume fractions to the pure oil notably enhances the heat transfer and friction factor.
- A higher thermal efficiency is seen using the /thermal oil nanofluid compared to the /thermal oil nanofluid in a cylindrical cavity receiver. It is recommended that the cylindrical cavity receiver should be used with the /thermal oil nanofluid to obtain a higher thermal efficiency.
- More experimental data is still needed to fill in the gaps in the knowledge.
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Nomenclature
Diameter of nanoparticles | |
Gr | Grashof number |
Nusselt number | |
Reynolds number | |
Concentration of solid particles | |
Abbreviations | |
CNT | Carbon nanotubes |
EOR | Enhanced oil recovery |
IFT | Interfacial tension |
HTF | Heat transfer fluid |
HTC. | Heat transfer coefficient |
MQL | Minimum quantity lubrication |
MWCNT | Multi-walled carbon nanotubes |
PTC | Parabolic trough solar collector |
SWCNT | Single-walled carbon nanotubes |
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Investigators | Equations |
---|---|
Navaei et al. [14] | × |
Ahmad et al. [12] | |
Haridas et al. [15] | |
Dogonchi et al. [16] | = |
Yang et al. [17] |
Investigators | Equations |
---|---|
Kumar et al. [9] | |
Ahmad et al. [12] | + |
Dogonchi et al. [16] | |
Yang et al. [17] | |
Vanakiet al. [18] |
Researchers | Correlations |
---|---|
Petukhov [23] | |
Gnielinski [24] | |
Dittus and Boelter [25] | |
Maïga and Bécaye [26] | |
Duangthongsuk and Wongwises [27] | |
Suresh et al. [28] | |
Sundar et al. [29] | |
Madhesh et al. [30] |
Author’s Name | Nanoparticle | Parameter | Optimum Parameter | Remarks |
---|---|---|---|---|
Manoj and Ghosh [2] | The for MWCNT nanofluid is 35% higher than that of soluble oil. | |||
Farbod et al. [38] | The sintering of nanoparticles showed a small change in the thermal conductivity of nanofluid. | |||
Sauvad [40] | , | The of nanofluid is higher than nanofluid. The maximum enhancement is found to be 81% at 3%. | ||
Sundar et al. [41] | The viscosity enhancement of water-based nanofluid is 1.70 times, and ethylene glycol based nanofluid is 1.42 times at and | |||
Rahimi et al. [42] | The optimum value of solid volume fraction for highest value of average HTC and Nusselt number is 0.05 vol%. | |||
JA Aberomand [43] | Finned annular tube can improve this enhancement by about 33% compared to the base fluid. | |||
Salimi et al. [44] | The Soluble oil-based nanofluid improved heat transfer rate due to its promising thermal and lubricating properties. | |||
Sokhansefat et al. [45] | The is increased as the of the nanoparticles in the base fluid is increased. | |||
IIyas et al. [52] | Effective thermal conductivity of nanofluids is improved as compared to pure oil. | |||
Zareh and Davoodi [57] | Both and NPs are capable of enhancing the friction reduction ability of vegetable oils 21–31%, respectively. | |||
Qin et al. [58] | The thermal conductivity of nanofluids increased with an increased volume fraction and obtained enhancement up to 20.5% for a volume fraction of 0.04% at 30°C. | |||
Zheng et al. [59] | The viscosity of solution increased with addition of nano- (0.5–2.0 wt%). | |||
Tabari and Heris [60] | HTC and of pure water increased by adding . | |||
Razi et al. [61] | Nanofluid have better when they flow in flattened tubes rather than in round tubes. Maximum enhancement in Nu of 16.8%, and 26.4% is obtained for nanofluid flow with 2% wt. concentration inside the round tube and flattened tubes | |||
Moraveji and Hejazian [62] | The for nanofluid is 28% larger than the base fluid; pressure drop in helical tube is approximately three times higher than the straight tube. | |||
Heris et al. [63] | CuO, TiO2, and Al2O3 | φ = 0.1 − 0.5% Re = 350 − 850 dnp = 30 − 50 nm | φ = 0.50% Re = 850 | Adding CuO, TiO and Al2O3 nanoparticles led to higher Nu as compared to the pure oil. The CuO/turbine oil nanofluid has better performance as compare to other NPs. |
Ghazvini et al. [64] | Diamond | φ = 0.2% − 2.0% Re = 200 − 1000 | φ = 2.0% Re = 1000 | Using engine oil-based nanofluid as the coolant in the plain tube: Nu enhances by about 60%. |
Sundar et al. [65] | ND–Ni | The electrical conductivities of both and EG-based ND–Ni nanofluids are significantly greater than its base fluids. Furthermore, the electrical conductivity enhancement for —based ND–Ni nanofluid is higher compared to that of EG based ND–Ni nanofluid. | ||
Ingole et al. [66] | Addition of nanoparticles reduced the variability and stabilized the frictional behavior. | |||
Beheshti et al. [67] | At all concentrations and temperatures, the viscosity of the nanofluid was lower than that of transformer oil. | |||
Arani et al. [68] | Ag-oil | HTC increased by using nanofluid instead of pure oil. Maximum enhancement of HTC occurs in 0.171 vol%. | ||
Wang et al. [69] | The collector efficiencies of the PTC system using /synthetic oil nanofluid are higher under all working conditions. | |||
Su et al. [70] | Graphite | Graphite oil-based nanofluid MQL reduced cutting force and temperature as compared to dry cutting and MQL with the corresponding base oil. | ||
Derakhshan and Behabadi [71] | The maximum enhancement of due to presence of nanoparticles is about 22% and 18% for horizontal plain and microfin tubes, respectively. | |||
Isfahani et al. [72] | The viscosity of the hybrid nanofluid increases with increasing nano-additives concentration and decreasing temperature. | |||
Aberouand et al. [73] | Maximum enhancement of thermal conductivity was about 17% for the nanofluid with mass concentration of 0.72% at 100 °C. | |||
Wang et al. [74] | and diamond | The employment of nanofluids as the cooling medium of piston cooling gallery is an effective method to reduce the heat loading of pistons. | ||
Gholami et al. [75] | The existence of ribs enhances the friction factor and Nusselt number, significantly. | |||
Mechiri et al. [76] | Cu-Zn | Cu-Zn with 50:50 combination results in better enhancement in thermal conductivity due to the Brownian motion of the particles. | ||
Asadi et al. [77] | - | Thermal conductivity and dynamic viscosity increased as the solid concentration increased. |
Authors Name | Nanoparticle | Numerical/Experimental | Main Findings |
---|---|---|---|
Taborda et al. [54] | Experimental | When the nanofluid is added, the highest viscosity reduction is obtained and a synergistic effect occurs which produces better viscosity reduction performance. | |
Radnia et al. [79] | Sulfonated graphene | Experimental | The value of IFT for aqueous phase with sulfonated graphene is lower than the IFT value of DI water. |
Kuang et al. [80] | , , and | Experimental | nanofluids were stable while the stability of and nanofluids depend on chemical agents. Pure with 0.1 nanofluid had a better performance than pure nanofluid. |
Dai [83] | Experimental | The treatment and composition of fracturing fluid decreased the permeability of cores to 85%. | |
Chen et al. [85] | Experimental | Viscosity of crude is reduced to 10.4% at 0.2% of hydrophobic particle. NPs reduces the IFT when is lower than 0.5%. | |
Alnarabiji et al. [86] | Experimental | Mixing nanofluid with crude oil, the EOR is high. When the 0.01 concentration of -NCs was used in the fluid, no permeability reduction took place. | |
Mohammadi et al. [99] | Experimental | The doping of reduces the particle size. An amount of 80% nanofluid was optimal for the core flooding experiments. | |
Lee and Babadagli [125] | , | Experimental | did not perform well in stabilizing emulsions. + led to the rapid phase separation of emulsions. |
Authors Name | Nanoparticles | Numerical/ Experiment | Main Findings |
---|---|---|---|
Su et al. [70] | Graphite | Experiment | Increase in mass fraction of nano-graphite resulted in the reduction in cutting force and temperature, irrespective of the type of base oil. |
Mechiri et al. [76] | Experiment | Hybrid (50:50) has the advantage of having less density and high thermal conductivity as compared to (25:75) and Cu-Zn (75:25). | |
Gao [110] | CNT | Experiment | Among the six surfactants, the CNT nanofluids with APE-10 have the highest viscosity, lowest friction coefficient and minimum roughness value. The addition of surfactant can increase the viscosity of the nanofluids. |
Yuan et al. [112] | Diamond, and | Experiment | Nano-Diamond and nano- have better results in reducing cutting forces than nano-. |
Li et al. [126] | Experiment | Covalent bonding between oleic acid and crystals prevents agglomeration of nanoparticles and also improves the compatibility between the nanoparticles and the vegetable insulating oil. | |
Padmini et al. [127] | + | Experiment | Maximum enhancement in thermal conductivity, specific heat and heat transfer coefficient in case of + is 2.5%, 0.98% and 3.54% from base fluids, respectively. |
Li et al. [128] | Experiment | The appropriate nanofluid MQL parameter could enhance the lubrication and cooling properties of the oil film to improve the surface quality and reduce the surface roughness. | |
Lv et al. [130] | Experiment | The AC breakdown strength of nanoparticles and NF-8 is the highest one and up to 1.4 times of that the base oil. |
Authors Name | Nanoparticles | Numerical/ Experiment | Main Findings |
---|---|---|---|
Jafarimoghaddam et al. [43] | Experiment | The HTC of nanoparticles suspended in the base oil is higher than the base oil. | |
Moraveji and Hejazian [62] | Numerical | A combination of the two enhancing methods made a significant improvement on heat transfer. | |
Beheshti et al. [67] | Experiment | The viscosity of nanofluids is lower than that of pure oil. The thermal conductivity of pure oil decreased, and that of nanofluids increased. | |
Jafarimoghaddam et al. [68] | Experiment | Silver-oil nanofluids exhibit a higher viscosity than pure oil. HTC increases with increasing Reynolds number due to increasing the fluid velocity. | |
Aberoumand et al. [73] | Experiment | The average Nusselt number was about 13.4% higher than the simple annular tube. The specific HTC decreases in the presence of low concentrations of the /oil nanofluid. | |
Jafarimoghaddam et al. [132] | Experiment | The average increase of Nusselt number for /oil nanofluid was found to be about 16.4%. | |
Jia et al. [3] | - | Experiment | The friction coefficient of and nano-oil was lower than that of pure oil. nano-oil makes the biggest impact on refrigeration performance. |
Authors Name | Nanoparticle | Numerical/ Experimental | Main Findings |
---|---|---|---|
Javed et al. [33] | Experimental | The maximum enhancement was observed for 0.7% nanoparticles concentration. | |
Wang et al. [74] | , , , , , | Experimental | nanoparticles have the highest thermal conductivity. Adding nanoparticles to the base fluid can increase the viscosity of the base fluid. The density of nanoparticles is higher than that of PCD nanoparticles. |
Fontes et al. [96] | Experimental | The 4 vol.% nanofluid possesses the highest viscosity. The addition of nanoparticles into the base fluid can significantly increase the HTC. | |
Hussein et al. [100] | Experimental | The viscosity of the nanofluids increases as nanofluid volume concentration increases. Heat transfer enhancement was observed when nanoparticles were added to the pure oil. |
Authors Name | Nanoparticle | Numerical/ Experimental | Main Findings |
---|---|---|---|
Vasheghani et al. [35] | Alumina | Experimental | Addition of 3 wt% of - was found to improve thermal conductivity by 37.49%. --based engine oil has better performance as compared to --based engine oil. |
Aghaei et al. [54] | – | Experimental | The nanofluid viscosity decreases with temperature increment. |
Isfahani et al. [72] | - | Experimental | The maximum deviations of relative viscosity occur between temperatures of 25 °C and 50 °C. The relative viscosity of -/SAE40 is significantly more. |
Wang et al. [74] | Copper and diamond | Numerical | The combination -oil has a better performance as compared to traditional oil. Diamond-oil-based nanofluid has a better performance as compared to -oil. |
Asadi et al. [77] | Experimental | The thermal conductivity of the nanofluid enhances as the solid concentration increases. Using this nanofluid would be advantageous in cooling applications. | |
Mohammad and Kandasamy [135] | , and | Numerical | The temperature of the nanofluids with different nanoparticle shapes increases. Ethylene glycol and engine oil have a unique impact on temperature distribution. |
Rehman et al. [136] | SWCNT, MWCNTs | Numerical | proved to be more effective in rapid heat transfer at the surface. have high density compared to . |
Asadi and Aberoumand [138] | - | Experimental | A maximum increase of 65% in HTC was found at a temperature of 40 °C. |
Authors Name | Nanoparticle | Numerical/ Experimental | Main Findings |
---|---|---|---|
Ingole et al. [66] | Experimental | Base oil with 2 wt% showed the highest HTC. | |
Beheshti et al. [67] | Experimental | Increasing the concentration led to an increase in the density of nanofluids. The highest thermal conductivity obtained for 0.01 mass% was at 20 °C. | |
Fontes al. [96] | Diamond | Experimental | The dynamic viscosity increases with increasing the nanoparticle concentration. |
Fontes et al. [147] | , Diamond | Numerical | The mean Nusselt number increased with the Prandtl number of the nanofluids. |
Lv et al. [149] | Experimental | The enhancement on the thermal conductivity is due to the formation of clusters. |
Authors Name | Nanoparticle | Numerical/ Experimental | Main Findings |
---|---|---|---|
Hekmatipour et al. [32] | Experimental | The nanoparticles were more in favor of heat transfer enhancement rather than pressure drop. The maximum performance index was approximately 61% at . | |
Sokhansefat et al. [45] | Experiment | The average thermal efficiency of the cylindrical cavity receiver using the /thermal oil nanofluid was highest. | |
Qin et al. [58] | Experimental | The thermal conductivity enhancement was 20.5% for at °C. | |
Derakhshan and Behabadi [71] | Experimental | The maximum effect of nanoparticles on enhancement of heat transfer was found using a horizontal plain tube. | |
Gholami et al. [75] | Numerical | Sharp angles of rib caused heat transfer enhancement. The rectangular and parabolic ribs had the maximum and minimum amounts of average Nu. | |
Gulzar et al. [119] | Experiment | Nanoparticles had significantly less absorbance in the UV region. nanofluids exhibited better optical properties than . | |
Loni et al. [156] | Experiment | The thermal efficiency of the hemispherical cavity receiver using the /oil nanofluid was higher than base oil. | |
Asadi et al. [138] | - | Experiment | The maximum increase in dynamic viscosity was 65% at °C. The nanoparticles could be attributed to the higher conductivity of and nanoparticles. |
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Kumar, S.; Sharma, M.; Bala, A.; Kumar, A.; Maithani, R.; Sharma, S.; Alam, T.; Gupta, N.K.; Sharifpur, M. Enhanced Heat Transfer Using Oil-Based Nanofluid Flow through Conduits: A Review. Energies 2022, 15, 8422. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15228422
Kumar S, Sharma M, Bala A, Kumar A, Maithani R, Sharma S, Alam T, Gupta NK, Sharifpur M. Enhanced Heat Transfer Using Oil-Based Nanofluid Flow through Conduits: A Review. Energies. 2022; 15(22):8422. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15228422
Chicago/Turabian StyleKumar, Sunil, Mridul Sharma, Anju Bala, Anil Kumar, Rajesh Maithani, Sachin Sharma, Tabish Alam, Naveen Kumar Gupta, and Mohsen Sharifpur. 2022. "Enhanced Heat Transfer Using Oil-Based Nanofluid Flow through Conduits: A Review" Energies 15, no. 22: 8422. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15228422