Energy Sector Derived Combustion Products Utilization—Current Advances in Carbon Dioxide Mineralization
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Energy Demand and Carbon Dioxide Emission Forecasts
1.2. Carbon Dioxide Capture, Storage and Utlization Technologies
1.3. Solid Combustion Products
1.4. European Union on the Way to Carbon Neutrality
2. Carbon Capture, Storage and Utilization
2.1. Carbon Dioxide Emission from Energy Sector
2.2. Carbon Dioxide Capture
2.3. Carbon Dioxide Storage
2.4. Carbon Dioxide Utilization
- −
- electrochemical methods of carbon dioxide conversion into the synthesis gas, methane, as well as methanol and/or dimethyl ether with the use of renewable electricity, and with the particular focus on the development of economically attractive, highly efficient and selective catalysts;
- −
- photochemical methods requiring the development of photocatalytic materials, laboratory-scale reaction studies and improvements in carbon dioxide conversion efficiency;
- −
- −
- economically efficient methods of hydrogen production [79];
- −
- biological methods for which bacteria cultures or enzymes increasing the efficiency, selectivity and conversion rate of carbon dioxide in natural biochemical processes are needed;
- −
- efficient and selective catalysts for copolymerization processes;
- −
- carbon dioxide mineralization [80], including the production of construction materials with the use of waste streams of relatively high calcium and magnesium content, e.g., combustion products, smelting slags, cement kilns dust and carbonation process of a considerable potential for carbon dioxide emission reduction resulting from stable binding of carbon dioxide in carbonates and application potential, with the main research focus being on the development of simple, effective and energy-efficient technological options of carbonation process [81,82,83].
3. Carbon Dioxide Mineralization
3.1. Carbonation Mechanism
3.2. Carbonation Methods
3.3. Waste Materials as Alkaline Earth Metals Source in Carbonation Process
3.4. Fly Ash as Alkaline Earth Metals Source in Carbonation Process
3.5. Carbonated Fly Ash Potential as a Cementitious Material
3.5.1. Changes in Physical and Chemical Properties of Carbonated Fly Ash
3.5.2. Carbon Capture Potential of Fly Ash
3.5.3. Dry and Semi-Dry Carbonation Methods with the Use of Fly Ash
3.5.4. Effects of Water Dosing on Carbonation with the Use of Fly Ash
3.5.5. Effect of Carbonation on Properties of Cement Mortar and Concrete
4. Summary and Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Zdeb, J.; Howaniec, N. Energy Sector Derived Combustion Products Utilization—Current Advances in Carbon Dioxide Mineralization. Energies 2022, 15, 9033. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15239033
Zdeb J, Howaniec N. Energy Sector Derived Combustion Products Utilization—Current Advances in Carbon Dioxide Mineralization. Energies. 2022; 15(23):9033. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15239033
Chicago/Turabian StyleZdeb, Janusz, and Natalia Howaniec. 2022. "Energy Sector Derived Combustion Products Utilization—Current Advances in Carbon Dioxide Mineralization" Energies 15, no. 23: 9033. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15239033