Analysis of the Influence of Selected Factors on Heating Costs and Pollutant Emissions in a Cold Climate Based on the Example of a Service Building Located in Bialystok
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
- outside temperature designed for: −19.3 °C;
- wind speed: 1.3 m/s;
- wind direction: 40°.
- consumption of natural gas for heating the building, during the annual billing period;
- monthly electricity consumption for lighting, equipment operation, or hot water preparation.
- Implementation of a scheduling of the building’s use, closely adapted to its occupancy during a typical work day;
- Lowering the heating in all rooms by 0.5 °C, 1 °C, and 2 °C;
- Improving the heat transfer coefficients, “U”, of the building envelope, consistent with the 2021 guidelines;
- Implementation of a ground source heat pump with a COP of 3.5 (moving away from natural gas to electricity).
2.1. Scenario 1
2.2. Scenario 2
- In the boiler room, service room, and waiting room (with office) was lowered from 18 °C to A. 17.5 °C, B. 17 °C, and C. 16 °C;
- In the checkroom, from 20 °C to A. 19.5 °C, B. 19 °C, and C. 18 °C;
- In the WC, from 24 °C to A. 23.5 °C, B. 23 °C, and C. 22 °C.
2.3. Scenario 3
2.4. Scenario 4
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Model Verification
3.2. Heating Demand
3.3. Heating Costs
3.4. Ecological Analysis
- 0.013 kg of total dust (25% more compared to Scenario 0);
- 356.7 kg of carbon dioxide (69% less compared to Scenario 0);
- 0.104 kg of carbon monoxide (83% less compared to Scenario 0);
- 0.267 kg of nitrogen oxide (73% less compared to Scenario 0).
3.5. Investment Costs
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Location | Gas Price (€) 1 | Electricity Price (€) 1 |
---|---|---|
Białystok | 0.07 | 0.19 |
Pollutant | Emission Factors | |
---|---|---|
Gas Fuel [kg/kWh] | Electricity [kg/kWh] | |
Total dust | 1.8 | 26 |
CO2 | 207,540 | 698,000 |
CO | 108 | 203 |
NOx/NO2 | 180 | 522 |
Type | Time | Coverage | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
A | B | C | D | E | ||
Weekdays | 0000–500 500–1900 1900–2400 | 0000–530 530–1830 1830–2400 | 0000–600 600–1800 1800–2400 | 0000–630 630–1730 1730–2400 | 0000–700 700–1700 1700–2400 | 50% 100% 50% |
Winter day | 0000–2400 | 0000–2400 | 0000–2400 | 0000–2400 | 0000–2400 | 100% |
Weekends, holidays | 0000–2400 | 0000–2400 | 0000–2400 | 0000–2400 | 0000–2400 | 50% |
All other days | 0000–2400 | 0000–2400 | 0000–2400 | 0000–2400 | 0000–2400 | 0% |
Partition | Actual “U” W/(m2K) | Required “U” W/(m2K) | Adopted “U” W/(m2K) |
---|---|---|---|
Roof | 0.25 | 0.15 | 0.15 |
Ground floor | 0.45 | 0.30 | 0.30 |
Internal floor | 0.45 | 1.00 | 0.45 |
External wall | 0.30 | 0.20 | 0.20 |
Internal wall | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
External door | 1.30 | 1.30 | 1.30 |
External/internal glazing | 1.30 | 0.90 | 0.90 |
Scenario | Variant | Heating Costs [€] | Reduction Rate [%] |
---|---|---|---|
Scenario 0 | – | 389.9 | – |
Scenario 1 | A | 279.3 | 28%↓ |
B | 273.0 | 30%↓ | |
C | 265.0 | 32%↓ | |
D | 258.0 | 34%↓ | |
E | 249.2 | 36%↓ | |
Scenario 2 | A | 364.0 | 7%↓ |
B | 327.6 | 16%↓ | |
C | 284.6 | 27%↓ | |
Scenario 3 | – | 250.6 | 36%↓ |
Scenario 4 | – | 302.4 | 22%↓ |
Thermal Insulation | ||||
Type | Thickness [m] | Area [m2] | Unit price [€/m2] | Cost [€] |
ground floor | 0.05 | 145 | 2.26 | 328.3 |
roof | 0.10 | 205 | 4.53 | 927.9 |
external walls | 0.08 | 415 | 3.62 | 1503.0 |
Windows and Doors | ||||
Type | Dimensions [m] | Quantity [pcs.] | Unit price [€] | Cost [€] |
triple-glazed window | 1.5 × 1.5 | 8 | 284.2 | 2273.6 |
triple-glazed window | 1.8 × 1.5 | 1 | 226.6 | 226.6 |
triple-glazed window | 0.4 × 0.9 | 1 | 120.7 | 120.7 |
triple-glazed window | 0.4 × 0.8 | 4 | 115.4 | 461.6 |
garage doors | 3.0 × 2.5 | 2 | 1088.1 | 2176.2 |
glazed doors | 0.9 × 2.0 | 1 | 271.3 | 271.3 |
mortar, mesh, and glue (an additional 10% of the cost): 828.9 € | ||||
Total cost: 9118.1 € |
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Ołtarzewska, A.; Krawczyk, D.A. Analysis of the Influence of Selected Factors on Heating Costs and Pollutant Emissions in a Cold Climate Based on the Example of a Service Building Located in Bialystok. Energies 2022, 15, 9111. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15239111
Ołtarzewska A, Krawczyk DA. Analysis of the Influence of Selected Factors on Heating Costs and Pollutant Emissions in a Cold Climate Based on the Example of a Service Building Located in Bialystok. Energies. 2022; 15(23):9111. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15239111
Chicago/Turabian StyleOłtarzewska, Agata, and Dorota Anna Krawczyk. 2022. "Analysis of the Influence of Selected Factors on Heating Costs and Pollutant Emissions in a Cold Climate Based on the Example of a Service Building Located in Bialystok" Energies 15, no. 23: 9111. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15239111