An Experimental Study and Statistical Analysis on the Electrical Properties of Synthetic Ester-Based Nanofluids
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experimental Work Arrangements, Steps, and Setup Description
2.1. Materials Used and Preparation of Nanofluids
2.2. Stability of Nanofluids
2.3. Measurement of Electrical Properties
2.4. Dielectric Modification Mechanism
3. Experimental Results and Discussion
3.1. AC Breakdown Voltage
3.2. DC Resistivity
3.3. Dielectric Dissipation Factor (tanδ)
4. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
- When ZnO and CuO were added to the pure fluid, the inclusion of nanoparticles increased the AC BDV for both materials. Up to a certain optimal concentration, the improvement is associated to the electron scavenge process and shallow trap theory, as stated before, but beyond that point, the BDV saturates because of the aggregation of nanoparticles at greater concentrations.
- Because ZnO nanofluid has better dielectric capabilities than CuO nanofluid and has a smaller relaxation time constant, it performed better than the latter.
- The inclusion of ZnO and CuO nanoparticles improved the nanofluids’ resistivity. The nanoparticles suppress streamer propagation, capture flow of electrons, and reduce conductivity while increasing resistance.
- When the temperature was under 40 °C, both nanofluids responded in nearly the same manner. Beyond 40 °C, 0.04 weight percent ZnO NF outperforms other concentrations in comparison to 0.01 weight percent CuO NF.
- By preventing leakage current from flowing, the inclusion of nanoparticles lowers the dissipation factor of NFs at all concentrations as compared to an unmodified SE. The dissipation factor is least for temperatures under 60 °C when ZnO nanofluids are incorporated with 0.02 weight percent, and 0.02 weight percent ZnO nanofluid performed better at 60 °C.
- The statistical technique applied gives enhanced breakdown voltage uniformly for synthetic esters due to ZnO and CuO nanoparticles at all probabilities, specifically more pronounced at lower concentrations and higher probability.
- For CuO nanofluids, 0.01 weight percent concentration yields the minimum values of the dissipation factor compared to those other concentrations for nearly the whole temperature range.
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parameters | ZnO | CuO |
---|---|---|
Particle size | 20–25 nm (TEM) | 20 nm (TEM) |
Density (gm/cc) | 5.6 gm/cc | 6.3 gm/cc |
Appearance | Fine powder | Fine Powder |
Properties | Typical Values (MIDEL 7131) |
---|---|
Density at 20 °C (Kg/dm3) | 0.97 |
Flash point (°C) | 260 |
Appearance | Clear free from water |
Fire point (°C) | 316 |
Breakdown voltage (kV) | Greater than 75 |
DC resistivity at 90 °C (GΩ·m) | Greater than 20 |
Moisture content (ppm) | 50 |
Biodegradability | Readily Biodegradable |
Symbols and Abbreviations | Actual Meaning |
---|---|
NFs MO | Nanofluids Mineral oil |
SE | Synthetic Ester |
NE | Natural Ester |
δ | Loss angle |
bdv | Breakdown voltage |
TEM | Transmission electron microscopy |
nm | Nanometer |
MΩ-m | Mega ohm-meter |
wt% | Weight percent |
Pure Synthetic Ester Oil BDV (kV) | Concentration | ZnO | CuO | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
BDV (kV) | % Enhancement | BDV (kV) | % Enhancement | ||
60.40 | 0.01 wt% | 76.20 | 26.20 | 70.40 | 16.50 |
60.40 | 0.02 wt% | 83.80 | 38.70 | 84.80 | 40.40 |
60.40 | 0.04 wt% | 78.60 | 30.13 | 74.70 | 23.67 |
Temperature (°C) | DC Resistivity (Mega Ohm-m) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pure Synthetic Ester | 0.01 wt% ZnO | 0.02 wt% ZnO | 0.04 wt% ZnO | 0.01 wt% CuO | 0.02 wt% CuO | 0.04 wt% CuO | |
23.0 | 3670.0 | 3760.0 | 3790.0 | 3785.0 | 3790.0 | 3791.0 | 3840.0 |
40.0 | 379.0 | 3600.0 | 3570.0 | 3732.0 | 3640.0 | 3640.0 | 3623.0 |
60.0 | 369.0 | 379.0 | 376.0 | 3515.0 | 3480.0 | 376.0 | 374.0 |
Temperature (°C) | Dielectric Dissipation Factor (%) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pure Synthetic Ester | 0.01 wt% ZnO | 0.02 wt% ZnO | 0.04 wt% ZnO | 0.01 wt% CuO | 0.02 wt% CuO | 0.04 wt% CuO | |
23.0 | 0.2710 | 0.050 | 0.030 | 0.031 | 0.030 | 0.020 | 0.021 |
40.0 | 0.420 | 0.070 | 0.060 | 0.040 | 0.050 | 0.090 | 0.11 |
60.0 | 0.60 | 0.20 | 0.160 | 0.172 | 0.150 | 0.290 | 0.43 |
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Khan, S.A.; Tariq, M.; Khan, A.A.; Urooj, S.; Mihet-Popa, L. An Experimental Study and Statistical Analysis on the Electrical Properties of Synthetic Ester-Based Nanofluids. Energies 2022, 15, 9127. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15239127
Khan SA, Tariq M, Khan AA, Urooj S, Mihet-Popa L. An Experimental Study and Statistical Analysis on the Electrical Properties of Synthetic Ester-Based Nanofluids. Energies. 2022; 15(23):9127. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15239127
Chicago/Turabian StyleKhan, Suhaib Ahmad, Mohd Tariq, Asfar Ali Khan, Shabana Urooj, and Lucian Mihet-Popa. 2022. "An Experimental Study and Statistical Analysis on the Electrical Properties of Synthetic Ester-Based Nanofluids" Energies 15, no. 23: 9127. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15239127