Life Cycle and Exergoenvironmental Analyses of Ethanol: Performance of a Flex-Fuel Spark-Ignition Engine at Wide-Open Throttle Conditions
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Engine and Fuel Specifications
2.2. Combustion and Energy Analysis
2.3. Exergoenvironmental Analysis
- (i)
- Exergy analysis of the energy conversion system;
- (ii)
- LCA of the energy conversion equipment and of all associated input and output energy streams;
- (iii)
- Allocation of environmental information obtained via the LCA to all exergy flows of the system.
2.3.1. Exergy Analysis
2.3.2. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)
2.3.3. Exergoenvironmental Assessment
3. Results
3.1. Life Cycle Assessment
3.2. Exergy Analysis
3.3. Exergoenvironmental Analysis
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Engine | GM Powertrain- Econoflex 8V |
---|---|
Cylinders | 4 in line |
Stroke volume | 1389 (cm3) |
Compression ratio | 12.4:1 |
Max. power: gasohol/ethanol | 72.8/77.2 (kW) |
Max. torque: gasohol/ethanol | 129/131 (Nm) |
Idle/max. speed | 800/6000 (rpm) |
Weight | 103 (kg) |
Properties | Gasoline | Ethanol |
---|---|---|
Chemical formula | C5 to C12 | C2H5OH |
Density (kg/m3) | 760 | 785 |
Molecular weight (kg/kmol) | 114.15 | 46.07 |
Composition, weight % | - | - |
Carbon | 87.4 | 52.2 |
Hydrogen | 12.6 | 13.1 |
Oxygen | 0 | 34.7 |
Adiabatic flame temperature (K) | 2270 | 1920 |
Higher heating value (MJ/kg) | 47.3 | 29.7 |
Lower calorific value (MJ/kg) | 44.0 | 26.9 |
Stoichiometric air fuel ratio | 14.2–15.1 | 8.97 |
Research octane number | 95 | 108 |
Enthalpy of formation (kJ/kmol) | - | - |
(a) Liquid | −259,280 | −224,100 |
(b) Gas | −277,000 | −234,600 |
Material | Weight Composition (%) | Specific Impact (mPt/kg) | Overall Impact (mPt/kg) |
---|---|---|---|
Steel | 18.52 | 86 | 15.93 |
Iron | 60.60 | 240 | 145.43 |
Aluminum | 19.76 | 780 | 154.16 |
Polypropylene | 0.75 | 330 | 2.46 |
Rubber | 0.37 | 360 | 1.34 |
Total | 100.00 | 319.32 |
Speed | Fuel | λ | CO2 (kg/ kg fuel) | CO (kg/ kg fuel) | NOx (kg/ kg fuel) | (kg/s) [37] | (kg/s) [37] | Tg (°C) [37] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1500 | E25 | 1.121 | 2.726 | 0.0933 | 0.03740 | 0.00128 | 0.01883 | 630 |
E50 | 1.138 | 2.459 | 0.0559 | 0.04428 | 0.00130 | 0.01734 | 616 | |
E75 | 1.123 | 2.130 | 0.0618 | 0.03264 | 0.00152 | 0.01769 | 604 | |
E100 | 1.159 | 1.665 | 0.0865 | 0.01931 | 0.00178 | 0.01761 | 550 | |
2000 | E25 | 1.131 | 2.827 | 0.0287 | 0.05640 | 0.00158 | 0.02344 | 717 |
E50 | 1.138 | 2.494 | 0.0336 | 0.04897 | 0.00177 | 0.02356 | 681 | |
E75 | 1.113 | 2.176 | 0.0324 | 0.03765 | 0.00190 | 0.02196 | 677 | |
E100 | 1.138 | 1.704 | 0.0617 | 0.02663 | 0.00247 | 0.02392 | 618 | |
2500 | E25 | 1.049 | 2.513 | 0.2284 | 0.00780 | 0.00247 | 0.03387 | 670 |
E50 | 1.047 | 2.249 | 0.1898 | 0.00620 | 0.00265 | 0.03250 | 669 | |
E75 | 1.033 | 1.959 | 0.1707 | 0.00614 | 0.00303 | 0.03252 | 656 | |
E100 | 1.075 | 1.566 | 0.1493 | 0.00341 | 0.00370 | 0.03392 | 615 |
Fuel | Overall Impact (Pt/kg) |
---|---|
E25 | 0.251 |
E50 | 0.239 |
E75 | 0.226 |
E100 | 0.214 |
Speed | Fuel | (kW) | (kW) | (kW) | (kW) | (kW) | (kW) | (KW) | (KW) | ε (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
R1500 | E25 | 54.58 | 9.175 | 14.14 | 14.96 | 14.14 | 45.41 | 16.31 | 14.96 | 31.14 |
E50 | 49.72 | 8.011 | 14.45 | 13.09 | 14.45 | 41.71 | 14.17 | 13.09 | 34.64 | |
E75 | 51.65 | 8.314 | 14.61 | 14.26 | 14.61 | 43.34 | 14.47 | 14.26 | 33.71 | |
E100 | 50.22 | 8.091 | 15.17 | 13.24 | 15.17 | 42.13 | 13.72 | 13.24 | 36.01 | |
R2000 | E25 | 67.32 | 12.44 | 19.90 | 16.21 | 19.90 | 54.88 | 18.77 | 16.21 | 36.26 |
E50 | 67.58 | 11.97 | 20.21 | 16.84 | 20.21 | 55.61 | 18.56 | 16.84 | 36.34 | |
E75 | 64.71 | 11.40 | 19.69 | 16.53 | 19.69 | 53.31 | 17.09 | 16.53 | 36.93 | |
E100 | 69.46 | 12.10 | 20.94 | 18.11 | 20.94 | 57.36 | 18.31 | 18.11 | 36.51 | |
R2500 | E25 | 104.9 | 21.01 | 24.87 | 28.30 | 24.87 | 83.89 | 30.72 | 28.30 | 29.65 |
E50 | 101.4 | 20.08 | 25.13 | 27.46 | 25.13 | 81.32 | 28.73 | 27.46 | 30.90 | |
E75 | 103.3 | 20.23 | 25.39 | 29.11 | 25.39 | 83.07 | 28.57 | 29.11 | 30.56 | |
E100 | 104.2 | 20.20 | 25.92 | 29.50 | 25.92 | 84.00 | 28.58 | 29.50 | 30.86 |
Speed | Fuel | (mPt/MJ) | (mPt/MJ) | (mPt/MJ) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1500 | E25 | 5.908 | 5.908 | 28.49 | 5.908 | 0.403 | 0.268 | 0.088 | 0.096 | 0.223 |
E50 | 6.237 | 6.237 | 30.41 | 6.237 | 0.439 | 0.260 | 0.082 | 0.088 | 0.261 | |
E75 | 6.643 | 6.643 | 28.78 | 6.643 | 0.421 | 0.288 | 0.095 | 0.096 | 0.227 | |
E100 | 7.152 | 7.152 | 24.35 | 7.152 | 0.369 | 0.301 | 0.095 | 0.098 | 0.163 | |
2000 | E25 | 5.908 | 5.908 | 31.68 | 5.908 | 0.630 | 0.324 | 0.096 | 0.111 | 0.402 |
E50 | 6.237 | 6.237 | 31.24 | 6.237 | 0.631 | 0.347 | 0.105 | 0.116 | 0.389 | |
E75 | 6.643 | 6.643 | 28.91 | 6.643 | 0.569 | 0.354 | 0.110 | 0.114 | 0.325 | |
E100 | 7.152 | 7.152 | 27.79 | 7.152 | 0.582 | 0.410 | 0.130 | 0.131 | 0.301 | |
2500 | E25 | 5.908 | 5.908 | 18.02 | 5.908 | 0.448 | 0.496 | 0.167 | 0.181 | 0.120 |
E50 | 6.237 | 6.237 | 17.58 | 6.237 | 0.442 | 0.507 | 0.171 | 0.179 | 0.106 | |
E75 | 6.643 | 6.643 | 18.65 | 6.643 | 0.474 | 0.552 | 0.193 | 0.190 | 0.115 | |
E100 | 7.152 | 7.152 | 18.50 | 7.152 | 0.479 | 0.601 | 0.211 | 0.205 | 0.089 |
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Cavalcanti, E.J.C.; da Silva, D.R.S.; Carvalho, M. Life Cycle and Exergoenvironmental Analyses of Ethanol: Performance of a Flex-Fuel Spark-Ignition Engine at Wide-Open Throttle Conditions. Energies 2022, 15, 1422. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15041422
Cavalcanti EJC, da Silva DRS, Carvalho M. Life Cycle and Exergoenvironmental Analyses of Ethanol: Performance of a Flex-Fuel Spark-Ignition Engine at Wide-Open Throttle Conditions. Energies. 2022; 15(4):1422. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15041422
Chicago/Turabian StyleCavalcanti, Eduardo J. C., Daniel R. S. da Silva, and Monica Carvalho. 2022. "Life Cycle and Exergoenvironmental Analyses of Ethanol: Performance of a Flex-Fuel Spark-Ignition Engine at Wide-Open Throttle Conditions" Energies 15, no. 4: 1422. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15041422