Thermal Stability Calculation and Experimental Investigation of Common Binary Chloride Molten Salts Applied in Concentrating Solar Power Plants
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Vapor Liquid Phase Equilibrium Thermodynamic Theory
2.2. Adiabatic Flash Calculation Theory
2.2.1. Adiabatic Flash Calculation
2.2.2. Bubble Point and Dew Point Temperature Calculation
2.2.3. Modified Quasi-Chemical Model
2.3. Materials and Synthesis
2.4. Measurements and Procedure
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Verification of the Modified Quasi-Chemical Model in Binary Chloride Molten Salts System
3.2. Calculation of the P-T Phase Diagram
3.3. Thermal Gravimetric Analysis of the Binary Chloride Salts
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Nomenclature
Antoine constants of component | |
Antoine constants of component | |
Antoine constants of component | |
Liquid specific heat capacity of component | |
Vapor specific heat capacity of component | |
Total amount of the system | |
Molar excess free energy | |
Partial molar excess free energy of component | |
Molar enthalpies of the mixture | |
Molar enthalpies of the liquid | |
Molar enthalpies of the vapor | |
Enthalpy change | |
Molar enthalpy of the system before operation | |
Vapor-liquid equilibrium ratio of component | |
System pressure (mmHg) | |
Endothermic heat of the process | |
Thermodynamic constant | |
Standard deviation (SD) | |
Average relative deviation (ARD) | |
Temperature (K) | |
Bubble point temperature | |
Dew point temperature | |
Saturated temperature of the component | |
Initial value of | |
Molar volume of pure component | |
Equivalent fraction | |
Activity of component | |
Calculated value of activities of component | |
Literature data of activities of component | |
Constant of equivalent fraction | |
Constant of equivalent fraction | |
Derivative of enthalpy change | |
Fugacity of component in the liquid phase | |
Fugacity of component in the vapor phase | |
Number of literature data | |
Vapor pressure of component | |
Saturated vapor pressure of component | |
Saturated vapor pressure of component in dew point temperature calculation | |
Saturated vapor pressure of component in bubble point temperature calculation | |
Saturated vapor pressure of component in dew point temperature calculation | |
Activity coefficient of component in the liquid phase | |
Activity coefficient of component in dew point temperature calculation | |
Vaporization rate | |
Mole fraction of component in the liquid phase | |
Mole fraction of component in the vapor phase | |
Mole fraction of component in the vapor phase in dew point temperature calculation | |
Coordination number | |
Total composition before operation of component | |
Fugacity coefficient of component in the liquid phase | |
Saturated liquid fugacity coefficient of component | |
Fugacity coefficient of component in the vapor phase | |
Composition of the system with maximum order | |
Non-configurational entropy change | |
Molar enthalpy change | |
Total excess Gibbs free energy | |
Poynting factor of component |
References
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NaCl-KCl at 1083 K | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
0.1 | 0.898 | 0.896 | 0.086 | 0.088 |
0.2 | 0.794 | 0.797 | 0.177 | 0.175 |
0.3 | 0.695 | 0.690 | 0.267 | 0.271 |
0.4 | 0.582 | 0.584 | 0.371 | 0.370 |
0.5 | 0.477 | 0.479 | 0.477 | 0.471 |
0.6 | 0.371 | 0.373 | 0.580 | 0.578 |
0.7 | 0.270 | 0.271 | 0.687 | 0.686 |
0.8 | 0.172 | 0.175 | 0.796 | 0.792 |
0.9 | 0.084 | 0.082 | 0.899 | 0.902 |
NaCl-CaCl2 at 998 K | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
0.1 | 0.729 | 0.748 | 0.078 | 0.062 |
0.2 | 0.729 | 0.712 | 0.078 | 0.086 |
0.3 | 0.587 | 0.595 | 0.149 | 0.144 |
0.4 | 0.447 | 0.444 | 0.247 | 0.250 |
0.5 | 0.326 | 0.328 | 0.365 | 0.361 |
0.6 | 0.224 | 0.221 | 0.495 | 0.500 |
0.7 | 0.142 | 0.149 | 0.632 | 0.619 |
0.9 | 0.044 | 0.021 | 0.858 | 0.934 |
KCl-CaCl2 at 1058 K | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
0.1 | 0.867 | 0.862 | 0.009 | 0.010 |
0.2 | 0.704 | 0.707 | 0.031 | 0.035 |
0.3 | 0.524 | 0.534 | 0.074 | 0.085 |
0.4 | 0.353 | 0.366 | 0.155 | 0.170 |
0.5 | 0.218 | 0.232 | 0.280 | 0.287 |
0.6 | 0.133 | 0.139 | 0.418 | 0.423 |
0.7 | 0.073 | 0.075 | 0.579 | 0.577 |
0.8 | 0.035 | 0.034 | 0.735 | 0.738 |
0.9 | 0.012 | 0.012 | 0.884 | 0.879 |
NaCl-MgCl2 at 1098 K | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
0.10 | 0.880 | 0.929 | 0.006 | 0.004 |
0.15 | 0.797 | 0.787 | 0.012 | 0.012 |
0.20 | 0.705 | 0.688 | 0.021 | 0.021 |
0.25 | 0.600 | 0.606 | 0.039 | 0.032 |
0.30 | 0.494 | 0.502 | 0.061 | 0.052 |
0.35 | 0.391 | 0.386 | 0.099 | 0.088 |
0.40 | 0.309 | 0.288 | 0.148 | 0.144 |
0.45 | 0.240 | 0.219 | 0.211 | 0.209 |
0.50 | 0.186 | 0.172 | 0.276 | 0.275 |
0.55 | 0.135 | 0.137 | 0.364 | 0.342 |
0.60 | 0.103 | 0.107 | 0.448 | 0.413 |
0.65 | 0.077 | 0.080 | 0.529 | 0.496 |
0.75 | 0.040 | 0.038 | 0.684 | 0.688 |
0.85 | 0.020 | 0.016 | 0.831 | 0.861 |
0.90 | 0.013 | 0.012 | 0.897 | 0.879 |
KCl-MgCl2 at 998 K | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
0.1 | 0.860 | 0.902 | 0.0004 | 0.0002 |
0.2 | 0.630 | 0.598 | 0.002 | 0.002 |
0.3 | 0.346 | 0.367 | 0.012 | 0.007 |
0.4 | 0.149 | 0.118 | 0.058 | 0.055 |
0.5 | 0.067 | 0.055 | 0.155 | 0.146 |
0.6 | 0.028 | 0.024 | 0.315 | 0.294 |
0.7 | 0.012 | 0.010 | 0.501 | 0.493 |
0.8 | 0.004 | 0.004 | 0.702 | 0.698 |
0.9 | 0.0012 | 0.0011 | 0.873 | 0.873 |
T/K | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
NaCl-KCl | 1083 | 0.00267 | 0.00318 | 0.052 | 0.056 |
NaCl-CaCl2 | 998 | 0.01282 | 0.02815 | 5.888 | 0.710 |
KCl-CaCl2 | 1058 | 0.00775 | 0.00727 | 1.806 | 5.750 |
NaCl-MgCl2 | 1098 | 0.01642 | 0.01696 | 2.884 | 6.604 |
KCl-MgCl2 | 998 | 0.02200 | 0.00841 | 8.014 | 12.387 |
Component | K | J/(mol·K) | J/(mol·K) |
---|---|---|---|
NaCl | 1734 | 77.763824 − 7.5312 × 10−3T (298–1500 K) 66.944 (1500–2000 K) | 37.333832 + 7.36384*10−4T − 158573.6T−2 |
KCl | 1693 | 73.59656 | 37.145552 + 9.49768*10−4T − 84098.4T−2 |
MgCl2 | 1685 | 193.40893 − 0.36201388T −3788503.9T−2 + 3.19987074T2 (298–660 K) 92.048 (660–2500 K) | 62.3647 − 695753.73T−2 + 67611239T−3 |
CaCl2 | 1873 | 81.479332 − 0.00254166793T −2789.1275T−1 (298–700 K) 102.533 (700–3000 K) | 62.382104 − 100.35854T−1 − 244513.85T−2 |
Component | Antoine Constant A | Antoine Constant B | Antoine Constant C |
---|---|---|---|
NaCl | 8.4459 | 9565 | / |
KCl | 8.28 | 9032 | / |
CaCl2 | 8.4073 | 12622 | / |
MgCl2 | 23.15 | 11735 | 4.076 |
Species | Lowest Eutectic Temperature K | Molar Mass Ratio |
---|---|---|
NaCl-KCl | 841.14 | 0.47:0.53 |
NaCl-CaCl2 | 749.7 | 0.51:0.49 |
KCl-CaCl2 | 874.4 | 0.75:0.25 |
NaCl-MgCl2 | 732.16 | 0.57:0.43 |
KCl-MgCl2 | 695.69 | 0.7:0.3 |
Species | Calculated Value of Upper-Temperature Limit K | Experimental Value of Upper-Temperature Limit K | Relative Error % |
---|---|---|---|
NaCl-KCl | 1140.7 | 1126.2 | 1.29 |
NaCl-CaCl2 | 1150.6 | 1117.9 | 2.93 |
KCl-CaCl2 | 1176.4 | 1124.1 | 4.65 |
NaCl-MgCl2 | 1085.5 | 1023.9 | 6.02 |
KCl-MgCl2 | 1067.9 | 1017.9 | 4.91 |
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Zhong, J.; Ding, J.; Lu, J.; Wei, X.; Wang, W. Thermal Stability Calculation and Experimental Investigation of Common Binary Chloride Molten Salts Applied in Concentrating Solar Power Plants. Energies 2022, 15, 2516. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15072516
Zhong J, Ding J, Lu J, Wei X, Wang W. Thermal Stability Calculation and Experimental Investigation of Common Binary Chloride Molten Salts Applied in Concentrating Solar Power Plants. Energies. 2022; 15(7):2516. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15072516
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhong, Jingyu, Jing Ding, Jianfeng Lu, Xiaolan Wei, and Weilong Wang. 2022. "Thermal Stability Calculation and Experimental Investigation of Common Binary Chloride Molten Salts Applied in Concentrating Solar Power Plants" Energies 15, no. 7: 2516. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15072516