Compact High Efficiency and Zero-Emission Gas-Fired Power Plant with Oxy-Combustion and Carbon Capture
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Literature Survey Connected to Oxy-Combustion Thermodynamic Cycles
1.2. Elements of Compact Steam-Gas Power Plant with Oxy-Combustion and Carbon Capture
1.3. Purpose and Scope of the Article
2. Thermodynamic Cycle of a Compact, High-Efficiency, Zero-Emission Power Plant
2.1. The Mechanism of ASU
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- main compressor (C1);
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- pre-cooling heat exchanger (CHE);
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- cleaning by molecular sieve (MS) and compressed air drying in water separator (WS) systems;
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- second compressor (C2), a cooler (CHE), and an expander (E);
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- high-pressure (HPFC) and low-pressure (LPFC) fractionating columns;
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- exchangers, namely, regenerative heat exchanger (RHE1, RHE2); subcooler (SHE);
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- valves (V1, V2).
2.2. Sub-Cycle of the Spray-Ejector Condenser
2.3. COM-GAS Code
3. Governing Equations
3.1. Integral Parameters
- -
- pressure ratio with regard to suction pressure:
- -
- pressure ratio with regard to pressure at the outlet from the spray-ejector condenser:
- -
- the dimensionless suction ratio:
- -
- the dimensionless compression ratio:
- -
- the dimensionless cavitation ratio:
- -
- the dimensionless suction ratio as a function of the entrainment ratio:
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- the dimensionless compression ratio as a function of the entrainment ratio:
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- the dimensionless cavitation ratio as a function of the entrainment ratio:
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- the efficiency characteristics:
3.2. Mixing and Condensation Process for the Spray-Ejector Condenser
3.3. Mass, Momentum, and Energy Balance in the Spray-Ejector Condenser
3.4. Velocity Relations with Respect to Momentum and Energy Balances
3.5. Closures for the Spray-Ejector Condenser
3.6. Efficiency and Power Output
3.7. Simplifications and Assumptions Adopted for the Model
4. Results of Thermodynamic Analysis
5. Discussion—Compactness of the Steam Generator Condenser and Gas-Steam Turbine
5.1. Spray-Ejector Condenser
5.2. Wet Combustion Chamber
5.3. Gas-Steam Turbine
6. Conclusions and Perspectives
- The use of a spray-ejector condenser leads to an efficiency decrease of approximately 5.91 percentage points, with the simultaneous energy conversion enhancement due to the device’s size being reduced by 32 times in the lower heat source area.
- Furthermore, for the wet combustion chamber to achieve compactness, new cooling design concepts should be developed to bring it into line with the latest transpiration technologies. Additionally, the impact of a wet combustion chamber on the overall operation of the cycle has been estimated, yielding a 30-fold enhancement of energy conversion in the upper heat source area.
- The total efficiency of the system is = 37.78%. However, the installation of such a system provides a perspective on meeting the needs of small and large cities to produce heat and electricity with minimal negative—or even a positive—impact on the environment.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Nomenclature
A | surface area, m2 |
velocity in CFD approach, m/s | |
velocity in CFM approach, m/s | |
diffusive stress tensor, Pa | |
available energy rate, kW | |
unit vector in radius direction | |
unit vector in axial direction | |
e = u + p/ρ + zg + (c2)/2—specific total energy, J/kg | |
force, N | |
forces comes from the surface mechanism, N/m2 | |
g | gravitation acceleration, m/s2 |
h | specific enthalpy, kJ/kg |
Gibbs unit tensor, - | |
unit vector normal to section | |
N | power, kW |
mass flow rate, kg/s | |
stress tensor associated with external and internal configuration forces, Pa | |
p | pressure, MPa |
R | gas constant, kJ/(kgK) |
friction force, N | |
Reynolds stress tensor, Pa | |
heat transfer rate, kW | |
chemical energy transfer rate, kW | |
heat flux density, kW/m3 | |
s | specific etropy, kJ/(kgK) |
total momentum flux, Pa | |
T | temperature, °C |
specific internal energy, kJ/kg | |
velocity vector, m/s | |
specific volume, m3/kg | |
volume, m3 | |
volume flow rate, m3/s | |
vapour quality, - | |
volumetric fraction or mole fraction, - | |
mass fraction, - | |
height, m | |
the contact area of the solid structure with the working medium | |
0D | zero-dimensional algebraic model of flow based on integral balances of mass, momentum and energy |
3D | three-dimensional model based on differential equations, which requires complete geometry of a flow channel |
dyadic multiplicator | |
pitch diameter of the stage, m | |
isentropic static enthalpy drop at the stage; | |
h | specific enthalpy; |
mass flow rate; | |
mobility coefficients | |
Mach number | |
power; MW | |
s | specific entropy; |
T | temperature in centigrade (Celsius scale); °C |
v | specific volume; |
V | volume; m3 |
specific work, kJ/kg | |
0D | zero-dimensional algebraic model of flow based on integral balances of mass, momentum and energy |
3D | three-dimensional model based on differential equations, which requires complete geometry of a flow channel |
CFD | Computational Fluid Dynamics, so-called three-dimensional description of unknowns parameters of the power plant devices |
Greek symbols | |
Δp | pressure drop, MPa |
ΔT | the temperature difference in the heat exchanger, K |
η | efficiency |
flow losses for changing diameter channel | |
surface friction coefficients | |
π | pressure ratio |
dimensionless compression ratio | |
dimensionless suction ratio | |
dimensionless cavitation ratio | |
μ | mass flow capacity coefficient |
density, kg/m3 | |
viscous stress tensor, Pa | |
τ | narrowing coefficient |
velocity coefficient | |
volumetric entrainment ratio | |
mass entrainment ratio | |
Subscripts and superscripts: | |
air | air |
bap | below ambient pressure |
C | compressor |
c | compression in spray-ejector condenser |
cav | cavitation |
CC | combustion chamber |
CCU | carbon dioxide capture unit |
CHE | cooling heat exchanger |
d | diffuser |
e | effective |
ex | exhaust |
el | electrical |
f | fuel |
G | electric generator |
g | gaseous |
GT | gas turbine |
HE | heat exchanger |
i | isentropic, ideal |
lq | liquid |
m | mechanical |
M | motor |
MC | mixing chamber |
n | nozzle |
P | pump |
s | isentropic |
sc | suction chamber |
t | technical |
t | total |
1s, 2s, … | isentropic points of process |
1, 2, … | real points of process |
Abbreviations: | |
ASU | air separation unit |
bap | below ambient pressure |
B | boiler |
BC | Brayton cycle |
C | compressor |
CC | combustion chamber |
CCS | carbon dioxide capture and storage systems |
CCU | carbon capture unit |
CES | clean energy systems |
CFD | computational fluid dynamics, so-called three-dimensional description of unknown parameters of the power plant devices |
CFM | computational flow mechanics, so-called zero-dimensional description of unknown parameters of the power plant apparatus |
CHE | cooling heat exchanger |
CSE | spray-ejector condenser |
DBC | double Brayton cycle |
DBCOCC | double Brayton cycle with oxy-combustion and CO2 capture |
EC | energy consumption |
G | electric generator |
GT | gas turbine |
HE | heat exchanger |
HPFC | high-pressure fractionating column |
HRSG | heat recovery steam generator |
HTC | heat transfer coefficient |
LHV | low heating value, kJ/kg |
lq | liquid |
LPFC | low-pressure fractionating column |
M | motor |
MC | mixing chamber |
MS | molecular sieve |
P | pump |
RHE | regenerative heat exchanger |
sat | saturation |
S + CHE | condensate-cooler heat exchanger and separator |
SHE | subcooler |
TIT | turbine inlet temperature |
V | valve |
WCC | wet combustion chamber |
WS | water separator |
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Parameter | Symbol | Unit | Value | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
Efficiency and pressure drop in main devices | ||||
Mechanical efficiency of the turbine and compressor | - | 0.99 | [1,5] | |
Isentropic efficiency of the turbine | - | 0.89 | [1,5] | |
Isentropic efficiency of the compressor | - | 0.88 | [1,5] | |
Electrical motor efficiency | - | 0.95 | [1,5] | |
Electrical generator efficiency | - | 0.97 | [1,5] | |
Relative pressure losses in the combustion chamber | - | 0.003 | [1,5] | |
Efficiency of the combustion chamber with (K) | - | 0.99 | [129] | |
Isentropic efficiency of pump | - | 0.75 | [1,5] | |
Mechanical efficiency of pump | 0.98 | [1,5] | ||
Thermal efficiency of cooling heat exchangers | 0.98 | [1,5] | ||
Relative pressure losses in regenerative heat exchangers HE | ||||
HE—the low-temperature (cold) side | - | 0.006 | [130] | |
HE—the high-temperature (hot) side | - | 0.0075 | [130] | |
Minimum temperature difference | K | 70 | [130] | |
Air and fuel thermodynamic parameters | ||||
Fuel temperature | K | 288.15 | [1,5] | |
Fuel pressure | MPa | 4.05 | [1,5] | |
Fuel mass flow rate | kg/s | 12.83 | [129] | |
Air temperature | K | 288.15 | [1,5] | |
Air pressure | MPa | 0.101 | [1,5] | |
Oxygen mass flow rate | kg/s | 51.8 | [129] | |
Spray-ejector condenser | ||||
Volumetric entrainment ratio | - | 1 | [94] | |
Pressure ratio with regard to pressure at the outlet from the spray-ejector condenser | - | 64.1 | [94] | |
Dimensionless compression ratio | - | 0.19748 | [94] | |
Efficiency of the nozzle | - | 0.91 | [94] | |
Efficiency of the suction chamber | - | 0.99 | [94] | |
Efficiency of the secondary nozzle and mixing chamber | - | 0.99 | [94] | |
Efficiency of the diffuser | - | 0.7 | [94] | |
Assumed parameters in thermodynamic points | ||||
Water injected to combustion chamber mass flow rate | kg/s | 117.7 | [129] | |
Temperature of condensation | °C | 20 | [129] | |
Pressure at the outlet from the CCU | bar | 80 | [129] | |
Pressure at the outlet from the turbine | kPa | 7.7 | [129] | |
Pressure of condensation | kPa | 7.0 | [94] |
Point | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
O2 | H2O | N2 | CO2 | NOX | |||||
°C | kPa | - | kg/s | - | |||||
1 | 32.2 | 515.8 | 1.00 | 51.8 | 0.989 | 0.000 | 0.011 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
2 | 822 | 4050.0 | 1.00 | 51.8 | 0.989 | 0.000 | 0.011 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
3 | 1338 | 4000.0 | 1.00 | 182.3 | 0.000 | 0.908 | 0.002 | 0.089 | 0.000 |
4 | 641 | 101.3 | 1.00 | 182.3 | 0.000 | 0.908 | 0.002 | 0.089 | 0.000 |
302 | 7.7 | 1.00 | 182.3 | 0.000 | 0.908 | 0.002 | 0.089 | 0.000 | |
101 | 7.7 | 1.00 | 182.3 | 0.000 | 0.908 | 0.002 | 0.089 | 0.000 | |
39.0 | 7.0 | 0.93 | 182.3 | 0.000 | 0.9084 | 0.0022 | 0.0894 | 0.000 | |
20.83 | 7.0 | 0.001 | 159,192.0 | - | 1 (lq) | - | - | - | |
5 | 20.83 | 101.3 | 0.001 | 159,192.0 | - | 1 (lq) | - | - | - |
6 | 20 | 101.3 | 1.00 | 36.4 | 0.000 | 0.042 | 0.024 | 0.934 | 0.000 |
7 | 20 | 101.3 | 0.00 | 159,155.6 | 0.000 | 1 (lq) | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
8 | 20 | 101.3 | 0.00 | 159,155.6 | 0.000 | 1 (lq) | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
9 | 20.05 | 4000.0 | 0.00 | 117.7 | 0.000 | 1 (lq) | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
10 | 214 | 4000.0 | 0,00 | 117.7 | 0.000 | 1 (lq) | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
11 | 20 | 101.3 | 0.00 | 159,037.9 | 0.000 | 1 (lq) | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
12 | 20 | 101.3 | 0.00 | 28.2 | 0.000 | 1 (lq) | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
13 | 20 | 101.3 | 0.00 | 159,009.6 | 0.000 | 1 (lq) | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
14 | 20.1 | 500.0 | 0.00 | 159,009.6 | 0.000 | 1 (lq) | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
15 | 20.1 | 7.0 | 0.00 | 159,009.6 | 0.000 | 1 (lq) | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
151 | 500.0 | 1.00 | 36.4 | 0.000 | 0.042 | 0.024 | 0.934 | 0.000 | |
30 | 500.0 | 0.00 | 0.526 | 0.000 | 1 (lq) | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | |
30 | 500.0 | 1.00 | 35.91 | 0.000 | 0.009 | 0.022 | 0.969 | 0.000 | |
172 | 2500.0 | 1.00 | 35.91 | 0.000 | 0.009 | 0.022 | 0.969 | 0.000 | |
30 | 2500.0 | 0.00 | 0.099 | 0.000 | 1 (lq) | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | |
30 | 2500.0 | 1.00 | 35.81 | 0.000 | 0.002 | 0.023 | 0.975 | 0.000 | |
138 | 8000.0 | 1.00 | 35.81 | 0.000 | 0.002 | 0.023 | 0.975 | 0.000 |
Point | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
°C | bar | m/s | kJ/kg | kJ/kg | kg/s | m3/s | m2 | kg/m3 | |
101.0 | 0.078 | 50.00 | 1.25 | 3080.79 | 182.3 | 5216.8 | 104.34 | 0.03494 | |
39.0 | 0.07 | 559.19 | 156.35 | 2571.76 | 182.3 | 1773.9 | 3.17 | 0.10277 | |
14 | 20.0 | 5.00 | 100.00 | 5.00 | 126.20 | 145,332.3 | 145.9 | 1.46 | 995.82 |
20.0 | 0.07 | 104.84 | 5.50 | 125.75 | 145,332.3 | 145.9 | 1.39 | 995.82 | |
20.83 | 0.07 | 100.13 | 5.01 | 129.48 | 145,514.6 | 146.2 | 1.46 | 995.33 | |
5 | 20.83 | 1.05 | 99.14 | 4.91 | 129.66 | 145,514.6 | 146.2 | 1.47 | 995.37 |
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Ziółkowski, P.; Głuch, S.; Ziółkowski, P.J.; Badur, J. Compact High Efficiency and Zero-Emission Gas-Fired Power Plant with Oxy-Combustion and Carbon Capture. Energies 2022, 15, 2590. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15072590
Ziółkowski P, Głuch S, Ziółkowski PJ, Badur J. Compact High Efficiency and Zero-Emission Gas-Fired Power Plant with Oxy-Combustion and Carbon Capture. Energies. 2022; 15(7):2590. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15072590
Chicago/Turabian StyleZiółkowski, Paweł, Stanisław Głuch, Piotr Józef Ziółkowski, and Janusz Badur. 2022. "Compact High Efficiency and Zero-Emission Gas-Fired Power Plant with Oxy-Combustion and Carbon Capture" Energies 15, no. 7: 2590. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15072590