Photocatalytic Fuel Cells for Simultaneous Wastewater Treatment and Power Generation: Mechanisms, Challenges, and Future Prospects
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Development of Single and Dual Photoelectrode PEC
3. Electrodes Used in PFC
4. Mechanism of Photocatalytic Fuel Cell
4.1. Photoreduction Reaction
4.2. Photooxidation Reaction
4.3. Decomposition of Organic Compound
5. Recent Development in the Design of PFC
6. Applications of PFC
- a.
- Wastewater treatment
- b.
- Recovery of chemical energy from organic matter
- c.
- Hydrogen production
- d.
- Carbon dioxide reduction
7. Future Prospect and Challenges
8. Conclusions and Recommendations
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
BPA | Bisphenol A |
CB | Conduction band |
COD | Chemical oxygen demand |
DSPFC | Dye self-photosensitization photo fuel cell |
Eg | Band gap |
FTO | Fluorine doped tin oxide |
FF | Fill factor |
HER | Hydrogen evolution reaction |
HOMO | Highest occupied molecular orbital |
Isc | Short circuit current |
Jsc | Short circuit current density |
(JV) max | Maximum power density |
LUMO | Lowest unoccupied molecular orbital |
LDH | Layered double hydroxide |
MB | Methylene blue |
MFC | Microbial fuel cell |
MPD | Maximum power density |
OCV | Open circuit voltage |
ORR | Oxygen reduction reaction |
PCD | Photocurrent density |
PEC | Photoelectrocatalytic cell |
PEC | Photoelectrochemical cells |
PFC | Photocatalytic fuel cell |
PLD | Pulsed laser deposition |
RGO | Reduced graphene oxide |
SCC | Short circuit current |
VB | Valence band |
Voc | Open circuit voltage |
WRR | Water reduction reaction |
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Photoanode Materials | Cathode/Photocathode | Methods of Preparation | Special Features | Performance | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
TiO2 NRs/FTO | C/Cu2O NW As/Cu | Hydrothermal/anodization | Phenol degradation and simultaneous hydrogen production | TOC removal rate 84.2% and H2 production rate 86.8 μmol cm−2 | [34] |
Au/TiO2 | Pt | Pulsed laser deposition (PLD) | Bisphenol A (BPA) oxidation, water splitting, hydrogen production | Photocurrent density = 58 μA/cm2 | [83] |
TiO2 nanotube array | Cu | Electrochemical anodization | Micropollutant removal from water | 62% MCPA removal | [84] |
ZnO/Zn | Pt/C | Heat attachment method | Degradation of reactive green 19 | 100% removal of RG19, Jsc = 0.0427 mAcm−2, and (JV)max = 0.0102 mW cm−2 | [85] |
BiVO4 bismuth vandate | Cu2O | - | Good stability, Electricity generation and waste water treatment. | Voc = 0.463 V and Jsc = 0.113 mA cm−2 | [86] |
CdS-ZnS-TiO2 | Pt black on carbon black | Successive ionic layer adsorption and reaction | Organic compound degradation and electricity generation. | JVmax = 1.01 mW cm−2 at a current density of 1.4 mA cm−2. FF = 0.45 | [65] |
WO3/W | Fe@Fe2O3/carbon felt electro-fenton | Hydrothermal process | Waste water treatment and electricity generation. | Jsc = 0.59 mA cm−2, JVmax = 0.34 mW cm−2 | [1] |
WO3/TiO2 | - | Spray pyrolysis method | Photoelectrolytic degradation of benzoic acid | Benzoic acid degradation rate of 46.56%, Voc = 0.485 V Isc = 0.575 mA | [87] |
Ag-TiO2 | Pt/C on carbon cloth | Solvothermal process | Coulombic efficiency of 9.4% | JVmax = 1.85 Wm−2 COD removal = 14.8% | [88] |
MoS2/TiO2 | MoS2/Ni foam | Hydrothermal process | Higher light harvesting, electron transport efficiency, Rhodamine B (20 ppm, pH =7) degradation efficiency of 69.16%. | Voc = 0.7 V Isc = 1.04 mA cm−2 JVmax = 0.114 mW cm−2. | [36] |
WO3/W | Cu2O/Cu | Hydrothermal process | Waste water treatment and electricity generation | Degradation rate of phenol, Rhodamine B and Congo red were 58%, 63%, 74%, respectively. | [67] |
BiOCl/Ti | Pt | Wet chemical synthesis and dip coating method | Rhodamine B and salicylic acid degradation and electricity generation | Jsc = 0.0116, Voc = 0.655 V, ff = 0.39 for Salicylic acid under UV irradiation. | [71] |
Bi doped TiO2 | Pt | Sol-gel method | Rhodamine B degradation and photocurrent generation | 91.2% degradation of Rhodamine B | [35] |
NiFe layered double oxide/TiO2 | Carbon black | co-precipitation/calcination | Hydrogen peroxide production | Voc = 0.78 V Jsc = 1093 μA cm−2. Pmax = 169 μW cm−2. | [55] |
BiVO4/TiO2 NTs | ZnO/CuO NWs | Hydrothermal/liquid phase deposition | Degradations of methyl orange, Congo red and methylene blue are 76%, 83%, and 90%, respectively. | JVmax = 0.116 mW cm−2. | [80] |
Fe-graphene oxide-titanium phosphate | ZnIn2S4 | Hummer’s modified method, wet chemical method | Degradation of Rhodamine B | 90% removal capacity for Rhodamine B at pH 1. | [89] |
SN | Photoanode | Cathode/ Photocathode | OCV (Voc) | SCC (Jsc) mA cm−2 | MPD (Pmax) μW cm−2 | PCD mA cm−2 | Degradation Profile | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | g-C3N4/WO3/TiO2/Ti | Pt | - | 0.20 | 19.35 | 2.27 at 1.1 V vs. SCE | RhB degradation by 87.7% | [105] |
2 | NiFe-layered double hydroxide/TiO2 | Cu2O | 0.690 | 0.622 | 206 | 1.85 at 1.6 V vs RHE | MB degradation (10 ppm) 94.6% | [106] |
3 | Bi2WO6/ZnO nanorods | Pt | 563 mv | 37.10 | 3.30 | [107] | ||
4 | ZnO/C | Pt/C | 1000 mV | 0.0069 | 2.34 | - | Degradation of Azo dye reactive black 5 (13.6% at anode and 8.7% at cathode) | [70] |
5 | BiVO4/TiO2 NTs | ZnO/CuO NWs | 0.53 V | 0.43 | 0.116 mW cm−2 | - | Degradation of Methyl orange (76%), Congo red (90%), and Methylene blue (83%) | [80] |
6 | TiO2NRs/FTO | C/Cu2O/Cu | 0.41 V | 0.50 | - | - | Phenol removal (84.2%) | [34] |
7 | ZnO/Zn | Pt/C | 1050 mV | 0.0327 | 0.0076 mW cm−2 | - | Degradation of reactive green 19 | [85] |
8 | TiO2/FTO | TiO2 | 0.98 V | 0.175 | 0.110 mW cm−2 | - | CO2 utilization | [108] |
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Oli, H.B.; Kim, A.A.; Park, M.; Bhattarai, D.P.; Pant, B. Photocatalytic Fuel Cells for Simultaneous Wastewater Treatment and Power Generation: Mechanisms, Challenges, and Future Prospects. Energies 2022, 15, 3216. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15093216
Oli HB, Kim AA, Park M, Bhattarai DP, Pant B. Photocatalytic Fuel Cells for Simultaneous Wastewater Treatment and Power Generation: Mechanisms, Challenges, and Future Prospects. Energies. 2022; 15(9):3216. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15093216
Chicago/Turabian StyleOli, Hari Bhakta, Allison A. Kim, Mira Park, Deval Prasad Bhattarai, and Bishweshwar Pant. 2022. "Photocatalytic Fuel Cells for Simultaneous Wastewater Treatment and Power Generation: Mechanisms, Challenges, and Future Prospects" Energies 15, no. 9: 3216. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15093216