A Straightforward Approach to Site-Wide Assessment of Wind Turbine Tower Lifetime Extension Potential
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Damage Estimation for Turbine Towers
2.1. Closed Form Analytical Solution
2.2. Derivation and Application of Closed Form Solution
2.2.1. Fatigue Damage Derivation
- (i)
- not assumed to be negligible with Equation (9), where the number and level/amplitude of the stress cycles and are those induced by
- (ii)
- assumed to be negligible with Equation (11), where the number and level/amplitude of the stress cycles are induced by
- (iii)
- assumed to be negligible and Equation (11), where the number and level/amplitude of the stress cycles are induced by the fore-aft bending moment only,
- (iv)
- assumed to be negligible with Equation (12), where the number and level/amplitude of the stress cycles are induced by some generic bending moment
- Scenario1 —This scenario investigates the lifetime extension potential using either simulated or measured wind turbine load data. The load data are available across varied wind speeds in which the turbine operates and corresponds to a single wind turbine similar to those under investigation and in the same environment (weather conditions). Within this scenario, the wind rose data corresponding to each individual turbine is assumed to be available, e.g., from turbines’ SCADA, which is feasible in practice. In an ideal situation, another scenario can be defined in which the full turbine load and wind data are available for each individual turbine. However, in practice this is not feasible to have the load data of all turbines; thus, the analysis is carried out for a representative turbine.
- Scenario 2 —Where neither simulated nor measured bending moment load data are available, this scenario investigates a rough estimate of lifetime extension potential, as a consequence of wind direction variability, using the wind rose data only, as described in Section 3.3.
2.3. Lifetime Extension Potential Assessment
3. Wind Turbine Case Study
3.1. Data
3.2. Wind Turbine Case Study—Scenario 1
3.2.1. Impact of Deviation Angle on Tower Bending Stress and Damage
3.2.2. Influence of Wind Rose Probability (Directionality Effect)
3.3. Wind Turbine Case Study—Scenario 2
3.3.1. Uni-Directional Fatigue Damage
3.3.2. Multi-Directional Fatigue Damage
4. Wind Farm Case Study
4.1. Data
4.2. Case Study Description
4.3. Case Study Results
- Bending Stress —These results investigate Scenario 1 for estimate (i).
- Bending Stress with Goodman’s correction—These results investigate Scenario 1 for estimate (i) with additional calculations to take into account tension and compression.
- Resultant Bending Moment M—These results investigate Scenario 1 for estimate (ii).
- Fore-aft Bending Moment —These results investigate Scenario 1 for estimate (iii).
- Normalised Wind Rose—These results investigate Scenario 2 for estimate (iv).
- Finite Element Analysis—Results calculated using finite element model for stress analysis are included for comparison and validation of the above sets of results [15].
4.4. Comparison and Discussion for Wind Farm Case Study
4.5. Lifetime Extension Potential
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A. Aeroelastic Model
Model Parameter | Value |
---|---|
Control | Collective pitch |
Speed type | Variable |
Transmission gearbox ratio | 91 |
Rotor diameter | 101 m |
Hub height | 73.5 m |
Cut-in wind speed | 4 m/s |
Rated wind speed | 10.5 m/s |
Cut-out wind speed | 25 m/s |
Rotor speed | 6–16 rpm |
Design tip speed ratio | 9.5 |
Rated tip speed | 75 m/s |
Rotor mass | 60,000 kg |
Appendix B. Wind Rose Data
Appendix B.1. Case Study Wind Roses
Appendix B.2. Additional Wind Roses
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Lifetime Extension Potential | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Wind Turbine | Bending Stress | Bending Stress with Goodman’s | Resultant Bending Moment M | Fore-Aft Bending Moment | Wind Rose only | FEA |
Scenario 1, estimate (i) | Scenario 1, estimate (i) | Scenario 1, estimate (ii) | Scenario 1, estimate (iii) | Scenario 2, estimate (iv) | Independent analysis | |
1 | 0.800 | 0.708 | 0.882 | 0.875 | 0.659 | 0.757 |
2 | 0.477 | 0.424 | 0.543 | 0.537 | 0.549 | 0.536 |
3 | 0.861 | 0.856 | 0.924 | 0.917 | 0.836 | 0.883 |
4 | 1.455 | 1.430 | 1.540 | 1.532 | 1.275 | 1.491 |
5 | 1.420 | 1.404 | 1.500 | 1.493 | 1.212 | 1.449 |
6 | 0.928 | 0.856 | 1.020 | 1.014 | 0.816 | 0.923 |
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Grieve, N.; Kazemi Amiri, A.M.; Leithead, W.E. A Straightforward Approach to Site-Wide Assessment of Wind Turbine Tower Lifetime Extension Potential. Energies 2022, 15, 3380. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15093380
Grieve N, Kazemi Amiri AM, Leithead WE. A Straightforward Approach to Site-Wide Assessment of Wind Turbine Tower Lifetime Extension Potential. Energies. 2022; 15(9):3380. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15093380
Chicago/Turabian StyleGrieve, Nicola, Abbas Mehrad Kazemi Amiri, and William E. Leithead. 2022. "A Straightforward Approach to Site-Wide Assessment of Wind Turbine Tower Lifetime Extension Potential" Energies 15, no. 9: 3380. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15093380