Highly Integrated Online Multi-Channel Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy Measurement Device for Fuel Cell Stack
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Design of Excitation Source
2.1. Design Metrics for Excitation Source
2.2. Design of Multi-Phase Interleaved Parallel Boost Topology
2.2.1. Determination of Switching Frequency
2.2.2. Inductor Design
2.3. Excitation Source Simulation Model and Simulation Results
3. Design of Impedance Measuring Module
3.1. Signal Acquisition and Processing Circuit
3.2. Impedance Information Extraction Method
4. Experiments and Results
4.1. Fuel Cell Test Bench
4.2. Data Acquisition System Measurement Accuracy Verification
4.3. Prototype Testing and Results
4.3.1. Test Results of Excitation Source
4.3.2. Test Results of Impedance Measuring Module
5. Conclusions
- (1)
- A DC/DC converter based on a four-phase interleaved parallel Boost topology was used as the excitation source. The multi-phase interleaved structure reduces the stress of the power components, increases the equivalent switching frequency, and is beneficial to suppress the current ripple. The excitation source control was based on a double PID closed loop, and the average current control strategy was adopted. Then, the feasibility and output performance of the design was verified by simulation, and the parameters of the filter inductor were optimized;
- (2)
- A multi-channel impedance measuring module was designed. Using orthogonal vector DLIA, the online impedance information extraction was realized on the embedded platform with limited computing resources and power consumption. Thereby, the impedance measurement and calculation can be realized using a low-cost embedded controller. In addition, the impedance measurement module has good scalability;
- (3)
- According to the above design, a prototype of the EIS measurement device is fabricated. The device has a small size and can be easily integrated into the fuel cell system. Experiment results conducted on the fuel cell test platform proved that the excitation waveform output by the designed excitation source has an amplitude error of no more than 1.8%, a frequency error of no more than 0.3%, and a maximum current ripple of 105.6 mA. The error between the impedance modulus value measured by the designed impedance measuring module and the reference is within 3.5%, and the error between the phase angle and the reference is within 1.5°. This device can meet the needs of embedded online EIS measurement;
- (4)
- The total cost of the fabricated impedance measurement device prototype is USD 793 (USD 304 for the excitation source, USD 389 for the impedance measuring module, and USD 100 for the Hall current sensor) and can be further reduced by optimizing the design and mass production. By comparison, the Autolab electrochemical workstation is priced at USD 30,000, and Yokohama Inc. sells an impedance test system for USD 75,000. The two measurement systems described above can be used for EIS measurement and analysis of a variety of electrochemical systems. However, these measurement systems are bulky, expensive, and have limited measurement channels. On the other hand, the designed online multi-channel EIS measurement device has low cost, low power consumption, and good scalability, and can be easily embedded into the fuel cell system which is more in line with the requirements of fuel cell fault diagnosis.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parameters | Value |
---|---|
Input voltage range | 4.0~6.0 V |
Output voltage range | 10.5~13.5 V |
Excitation current waveform | Single-frequency sine wave |
Excitation frequency range | 1~500 Hz |
Excitation current amplitude | 10.0 A |
DC offset current | 12.0 A |
Input current ripple | <100 mA (1% of excitation amplitude) |
Frequency/Hz | Maximum Current/A | Minimum Current/A | Average Offset Current/A | Excitation Amplitude/A | Phase Difference to Reference/° |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
500 | 21.781 | 1.775 | 11.778 | 10.003 | 3.60° |
200 | 22.158 | 1.850 | 12.004 | 10.154 | 1.80° |
100 | 22.058 | 1.939 | 11.998 | 10.060 | 2.16° |
10 | 22.001 | 1.999 | 12.000 | 10.002 | - |
Parameters | Value |
---|---|
Air pressure | 170 kPa |
Hydrogen pressure | 190 kPa |
Stoichiometric ratios | 2:2 (H2/Air) |
Relative humidity | 50% |
Coolant temperature | 70 °C |
Output current | 159 A |
Single-cell voltage | 0.71 V |
Frequency/Hz | Maximum Current/A | Minimum Current/A | Average Offset Current/A | Excitation Amplitude/A | Ripple Amplitude/mA | Waveform Frequency/Hz |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 13.738 | 1.936 | 7.838 | 5.902 | 88.82 | 0.998 |
10 | 13.762 | 1.971 | 7.866 | 5.895 | 105.70 | 10.02 |
100 | 14.241 | 2.182 | 8.211 | 6.029 | 80.45 | 100.00 |
500 | 14.373 | 2.196 | 8.283 | 6.087 | 92.88 | 499.99 |
Frequency/Hz | Offset Current Error | Excitation Amplitude Error | Excitation Frequency Error |
---|---|---|---|
1 | −2.0% | −1.6% | −0.2% |
10 | −1.7% | −1.8% | +0.3% |
100 | +2.6% | +0.5% | 0 |
500 | +3.5% | +1.5% | −0.1% |
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Ma, T.; Kang, J.; Lin, W.; Xu, X.; Yang, Y. Highly Integrated Online Multi-Channel Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy Measurement Device for Fuel Cell Stack. Energies 2022, 15, 3414. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15093414
Ma T, Kang J, Lin W, Xu X, Yang Y. Highly Integrated Online Multi-Channel Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy Measurement Device for Fuel Cell Stack. Energies. 2022; 15(9):3414. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15093414
Chicago/Turabian StyleMa, Tiancai, Jiajun Kang, Weikang Lin, Xinru Xu, and Yanbo Yang. 2022. "Highly Integrated Online Multi-Channel Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy Measurement Device for Fuel Cell Stack" Energies 15, no. 9: 3414. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15093414