Techno-Economic and Environmental Analysis of Renewable Mix Hybrid Energy System for Sustainable Electrification of Al-Dhafrat Rural Area in Oman
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- Spotlight on technical, economic, and environmental aspects of installing a renewable–mix hybrid energy system for a diesel-based rural area community in the Sultanate of Oman.
- Establish an optimal renewable–mix hybrid microgrid system for the Al-Dhafrat rural community for sustainable development and well-being of the people.
- Testing system operational performance, such as bus voltage profile and system losses, while optimally designing a hybrid power system supplying power to the rural community loads.
2. Study Area
3. Research Methodology
3.1. Electrical Load
3.2. Site Solar Irradiation
3.3. Site Wind Speed
3.4. Diesel Generator
3.5. Solar Photovoltaic Array
3.6. Wind Generator
3.7. Inverter
3.8. System Economic
3.9. Dispatch Strategy and System Constraints
3.10. Environmental Factors
3.11. Load Flow Analysis
4. Results and Discussion
4.1. Optimal System Configurations
4.2. Economic Assessment
4.3. Environmental Assessment
4.4. Comparison between the Base System (System-I) and the Best Optimal Hybrid Configuration (System-IV)
4.5. Power Balance Analysis in the Best Optimal Hybrid Configuration
4.6. Operational Performance Assessment of the Best Optimal Hybrid Configuration (System-IV)
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
HOMER | Hybrid Optimization of Multiple Energy Resources |
MIS | main interconnected system |
ETAP | Electrical Transient Analyzer Program |
PV | solar photovoltaic |
GHG | greenhouse gas emission |
NPC | net present cost |
LCOE | levelized cost of energy |
MZEC | Mazoon Electricity Company |
NASA | National Aeronautics and Space Administration |
STC | standard testing condition |
CRF | capital recovery factor |
LF | load following |
CC | cycle charging |
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Diesel Generator | |
---|---|
Lifetime | 219,000 h |
Minimum load ratio | 30% |
Intercept coefficient | 0.0226 L/kWh |
Fuel slope | 0.2293 L/kWh |
Operation and maintenance cost | USD 10.27/operational h |
Diesel fuel cost | USD 1.49/L |
PV Module | |
---|---|
Cell type | Monocrystalline |
Lifetime | 25 years |
Derating factor | 78% |
Initial cost | USD 882/kW |
Replacement cost | USD 882/kW |
Operation and maintenance cost | USD 14/kW/year |
Temperature coefficient of power | −0.41%/°C |
Wind Turbine | |
---|---|
Rated power | 100 kW |
Lifetime | 25 years |
Cut-in and cut-out wind speeds | 3 m/s and 20 m/s |
Hub height | 36 m |
Initial cost | USD 1255/kW |
Replacement cost | USD 700/kW |
Operation and maintenance cost | USD 10/kW/year |
Temperature coefficient of power | −0.41%/°C |
Inverter | |
---|---|
Lifetime | 10 years |
Efficiency | 95% |
Initial cost | USD 750/kW |
Replacement cost | USD 700/kW |
Operation and maintenance cost | USD 15/year |
GHG | Factor (g/L fuel) |
---|---|
Carbon dioxide, CO2 | 2640 |
Carbon monoxide, CO | 0.38 |
Particulate matter | 0.03 |
Sulphur dioxide, SO2 | 6.55 |
Nitrogen Oxides, NO | 23.15 |
System Type | Description |
---|---|
System-I | Diesel-only (Base system) |
System-II | Diesel and renewable source (Wind–diesel) |
System-III | Diesel and renewable source (PV–diesel) |
System-IV | Diesel and mixed renewable source (PV–wind–diesel) |
Component, Capacity | System-I (Diesel-Only) | System-II (Wind–Diesel) | System-III (PV–Diesel) | System-IV (PV–Wind–Diesel) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Diesel generator, kW | 10,500 | 5600 | 8400 | 5600 |
Photovoltaic, kW | 0 | 0 | 2469 | 718 |
Wind turbine, kW | 0 | 3900 | 0 | 3200 |
Inverter, kW | 0 | 0 | 1208 | 401 |
Economic Output | System-I (Diesel-Only) | System-II (Wind–Diesel) | System-III (PV–Diesel) | System-IV (PV–Wind–Diesel) |
---|---|---|---|---|
NPC (millions of USD) | 31.02 | 14.59 | 22.87 | 14.09 |
LCOE, USD/kWh | 0.5663 | 0.2663 | 0.4175 | 0.2573 |
Diesel cost (millions of USD) | 30.70 | 10.25 | 17.78 | 9.08 |
Diesel consumption (L/year) | 1,414,360 | 471,999 | 819,193 | 418,204 |
Operation and maintenance cost (millions of USD) | 1.31 | 0.57 | 2.33 | 0.95 |
Pollutant (kg/year) | System-I (Diesel-Only) | System-II (Wind–Diesel) | System-III (PV–Diesel) | System-IV (PV–Wind–Diesel) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Carbon dioxide | 3,740,680 | 1,248,335 | 2,166,590 | 1,106,061 |
Carbon monoxide | 537 | 179 | 311 | 159 |
Unburned hydrocarbons | 212 | 71 | 123 | 63 |
Particulate matter | 42.2 | 14.2 | 24.6 | 13 |
Sulphur dioxide | 9277 | 3096 | 5373 | 2743 |
Nitrogen oxides | 32,742 | 10,927 | 18,964 | 9681 |
Total emissions (kg/year) | 3,783,490.2 | 1,262,622.2 | 2,191,385.6 | 1,118,720 |
Components | Capital Cost | Replacement Cost | Operation and Maintenance Cost | Fuel Cost | Salvage | Total Expenditure |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Diesel generator | 0 | 0 | 1,306,139.21 | 30,697,386.56 | 983,305.95 | 31,020,219.81 |
Wind generator | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
PV | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Converter | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
System | 0 | 0 | 1,306,139.21 | 30,697,386.56 | 983,305.95 | 31,020,219.81 |
Components | Capital Cost | Replacement Cost | Operation and Maintenance Cost | Fuel Cost | Salvage | Total Expenditure |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Diesel generator | 0 | 0 | 518,207.11 | 9,076,741.14 | 1,132,856.14 | 9,432,138.15 |
Wind generator | 4,016,000.00 | 0 | 4661.28 | 0 | 0 | 4,020,661.28 |
PV | 634,160.89 | 0 | 430,767.48 | 0 | 0 | 1,064,928.37 |
Converter | 301,016.52 | 290,614.21 | 0 | 0 | 44,838.04 | 546,792.69 |
System | 49,511,774.41 | 290,614.21 | 953,635.86 | 9,076,741.14 | 1,177,694.18 | 14,094,474.45 |
Summer Load | Winter Load | |
---|---|---|
Generated power | (1278 + j873) kVA | (252 + j101) kVA |
Power losses | (28.8 − j18.9) kVA | (0.001 − j0.0813) kVA |
Summer Load | |
---|---|
Generated power | (1278 + j873) kVA |
Power losses | (23.8 − j19.9) kVA |
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Al Abri, A.; Al Kaaf, A.; Allouyahi, M.; Al Wahaibi, A.; Ahshan, R.; Al Abri, R.S.; Al Abri, A. Techno-Economic and Environmental Analysis of Renewable Mix Hybrid Energy System for Sustainable Electrification of Al-Dhafrat Rural Area in Oman. Energies 2023, 16, 288. https://doi.org/10.3390/en16010288
Al Abri A, Al Kaaf A, Allouyahi M, Al Wahaibi A, Ahshan R, Al Abri RS, Al Abri A. Techno-Economic and Environmental Analysis of Renewable Mix Hybrid Energy System for Sustainable Electrification of Al-Dhafrat Rural Area in Oman. Energies. 2023; 16(1):288. https://doi.org/10.3390/en16010288
Chicago/Turabian StyleAl Abri, Abdullah, Abdullah Al Kaaf, Musaab Allouyahi, Ali Al Wahaibi, Razzaqul Ahshan, Rashid S. Al Abri, and Ahmed Al Abri. 2023. "Techno-Economic and Environmental Analysis of Renewable Mix Hybrid Energy System for Sustainable Electrification of Al-Dhafrat Rural Area in Oman" Energies 16, no. 1: 288. https://doi.org/10.3390/en16010288