A Study on Energy Management and Cooperative Control Considering LVRT in a Hybrid Microgrid
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Hybrid AC/DC Microgrid and LVRT Requirements for Grid-Connection
2.1. Configuration of the Hybrid Microgrid
2.2. Distribution System Connection Technical Standards by KEPCO
3. Proposed Energy Management Considering the LVRT
3.1. Mode Selection Algorithm
3.2. Grid-Connected Mode (Modes 1 to 3)
3.2.1. Mode 1 (Power Balance)
3.2.2. Mode 2 (Reactive Power Supply)
3.2.3. Mode 3 (DC Autonomous)
3.3. Stand-Alone Mode
Mode 4 (DC/AC Autonomous)
4. Proposed Cooperative Control Method Considering LVRT
4.1. Configuraion of Microgrid for the Proposed Cooperative Control
4.2. Analysis of the Allowable Reactive Power in Cooperative Control of the ILC with ESS Converter
- (1)
- Case 1: When the ESS does not exist (grid voltage 1.0 pu)
- (2)
- Case 2: When an ESS converter exists and performs cooperative control of operation mode 1 within the rated power of the ESS converter (grid voltage 1.0 pu)
- (3)
- Case 3: Cooperative control is performed in operation mode 1 when surplus power exceeding the rated power of the ESS converter is generated
- (4)
- Case 4: When the ESS converter performs cooperative control of operation mode 1 considering the magnitude of the AC grid voltage (AC grid voltage 01 pu)
4.3. Cooperative Control with the ESS Converter Considering the Power Factor of ILC in Reactive Power Supply Operation
5. Experiment Results
5.1. Grid-Connected Mode (Modes 1–3)
5.1.1. Mode 1 (Power Balance)
5.1.2. Mode 2 (Reactive Power Supply)
5.1.3. Mode 3 (DC Autonomous)
5.2. Stand-Alone Mode
Mode 4 (DC/AC Autonomous)
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Nomenclature
Power of ILC | |
Power of PV | |
Power of ESS | |
Power of WT | |
Power of DC load | |
Power of AC load | |
Power reference of ESS | |
Rated power of ESS | |
Positive power of ILC | |
Negative power of ILC | |
Apparent power of ILC | |
Rated apparent power of ILC | |
Reactive power of ILC | |
Reactive power reference of ILC | |
Allowable reactive power of ILC | |
Compensated theta | |
Compensated grid theta | |
Compensated inverter theta | |
State of charge | |
Synchronization clear signal | |
Duration time of LVRT | |
Time after synchronization | |
Return delay time after synchronization | |
Sampling time | |
Synchronous q-axis voltage | |
Grid voltage | |
Synchronous q-axis rated voltage of converter | |
Synchronous q-axis voltage of converter | |
Allowable synchronous d-axis current reference | |
Allowable synchronous q-axis current reference | |
D-axis current reference of ILC | |
Synchronous d-axis current of converter | |
Synchronous d-axis current reference of converter | |
Synchronous q-axis current of converter | |
Rated current of ILC | |
Angular velocity of inverter |
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Component | Value | |
---|---|---|
ILC | Rated capacity | 10 [kVA] |
AC side line-to-line voltage | 220 [] | |
Switching frequency | 10 [kHz] | |
DC-link output voltage | 380 [] | |
PV converter | Rated output power | 5 [kW] |
WT converter | 5 [kW] | |
ESS converter | 5 [kW] | |
AC Load | 7 [kW] | |
DC Load | 5 [kW] |
Modes | I | II | III | IV | Unit | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Comp | ||||||||||||||
ILC | P | −1.4 | −0.4 | −0.3 | −0.3 | −0.2 | −0.2 | 4.2 | 4.2 | 4.2 | 2 | 4 | 0.3 | kW |
Q | - | - | - | - | - | 0.1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | - | - | - | kVAR | |
ESS Conv. | Idle | Idle | 0.3 | 1.6 | −1.6 | −1.6 | 2.6 | 2.6 | 2.6 | 0.4 | 2.4 | −1.6 | kW | |
PV Conv. | Idle | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | kW | |
WT Conv. | Idle | Idle | Idle | Idle | 3.2 | 3.2 | 3.2 | 3.2 | 3.2 | 3.2 | 3.2 | 3.2 | kW | |
DC Load | 1.3 | 1.3 | 1.3 | 2.6 | 2.6 | 2.6 | 2.6 | 2.6 | 2.6 | 2.6 | 2.6 | 2.6 | kW | |
AC Load | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 2 | 4 | 4 | kW |
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An, C.-G.; Lee, H.; Kim, T.-G.; Yi, J.; Won, C.-Y. A Study on Energy Management and Cooperative Control Considering LVRT in a Hybrid Microgrid. Energies 2023, 16, 4372. https://doi.org/10.3390/en16114372
An C-G, Lee H, Kim T-G, Yi J, Won C-Y. A Study on Energy Management and Cooperative Control Considering LVRT in a Hybrid Microgrid. Energies. 2023; 16(11):4372. https://doi.org/10.3390/en16114372
Chicago/Turabian StyleAn, Chang-Gyun, Hoon Lee, Tae-Gyu Kim, Junsin Yi, and Chung-Yuen Won. 2023. "A Study on Energy Management and Cooperative Control Considering LVRT in a Hybrid Microgrid" Energies 16, no. 11: 4372. https://doi.org/10.3390/en16114372