Structural, Thermal, and Electrochemical Properties of Ce 0.8−2x Sm 0.2 Zrx Mgx O2−d, {x = 0.05, 0.1 & 0.15} Promising Electrolyte Compounds for (IT-SOFCs) Applications
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experimental
2.1. CSZM Materials Synthesis
2.2. Characterizations of the Samples
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Structural and Phase Analysis of XRD Data
3.2. Surface Morphology of Synthesized Samples Using SEM & EDX
3.3. Thermogravimetric (TGA) of the Synthesized Series of Mgx/2 Doped Ce 0.8-x Sm 0.2 Zrx/2 O2−d
3.4. Electrochemical Impedance spectroscopy (EIS) of the prepared samples under 5% H2/Ar
4. Conclusions and Recommendations
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Wolfram, T.; Ellialtioglu, S. Electronic and Optical Properties of d-Band Perovs; Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK, 2006. [Google Scholar]
- Tejuca, L.G.; Fierro, J.L.G.; Tascón, J.M.D. Structure and Reactivity of Perovskite-Type Oxides. Adv. Catal. 1989, 36, 237–328. [Google Scholar]
- Hossain, S.; Abdalla, A.M.; Jamain, S.N.B.; Zaini, J.H.; Azad, A.K. A review on proton conducting electrolytes for clean energy and intermediate temperature-solid oxide fuel cells. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2017, 79, 750–764. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Levy, M.R. Chapter 3: Perovskite Perfect Lattice. Cryst. Struct. Defect Prop. Predict. Ceram. Mater. 2005, 79–114. [Google Scholar]
- Johnsson, M.; Lemmens, P. Crystallography and Chemistry of Perovskites. Handbook. Magn. Adv. Magn. Mater. 2007. [Google Scholar]
- Raza, T.; Yang, J.; Wang, R.; Xia, C.; Raza, R.; Zhu, B.; Yun, S. Recent advance in physical description and material development for single component SOFC: A mini-review. Chem. Eng. J. 2022, 444, 136533. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Irshad, M.; Hanif, M.B.; Tabish, A.N.; Ghaffar, A.; Rafique, M.; Siraj, K.; Aslam, Z.; Assiri, M.A.; Imran, M.; Mosiałek, M.; et al. Investigating the microstructural and electrochemical performance of novel La0.3Ba0.7Zr0.5X0.3Y0.2 (X = Gd, Mn, Ce) electrolytes at intermediate temperature SOFCs. Sustain. Energy Fuels 2022, 6, 5384–5391. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- UdDin, Z.; Zainal, Z.A. Biomass integrated gasification–SOFC systems: Technology overview. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2016, 53, 1356–1376. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Radenahmad, N.; Azad, A.T.; Saghir, M.; Taweekun, J.; Bakar, M.S.A.; Reza, M.S.; Azad, A.K. A review on biomass derived syngas for SOFC based combined heat and power application. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2020, 119, 109560. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Capurso, G.; Agresti, F.; Crociani, L.; Rossetto, G.; Schiavo, B.; Maddalena, A.; Russo, S.L.; Principi, G. Nanoconfined mixed Li and Mg borohydrides as materials for solid state hydrogen storage. Int. J. Hydrog. Energy 2012, 37, 10768–10773. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Radenahmad, N.; Taweekun, J.; Afif, A.; Lee, J.I.; Park, J.-Y.; Zaini, J.; Azad, A.K. Syngas Fuelled High Performance Solid Oxide Fuel Cell. ECS Trans. 2019, 91, 1621–1629. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Aravind, P.V.; Woudstra, T.; Woudstra, N.; Spliethoff, H. Thermodynamic evaluation of small-scale systems with biomass gasifiers, solid oxide fuel cells with Ni/GDC anodes and gas turbines. J. Power Sources 2009, 190, 461–475. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pukazhselvan, D.; Sandhya, K.; Nasani, N.; Paul, D. Chemical transformation of additive phase in MgH2/CeO2 hydrogen storage system and its effect on catalytic performance. Appl. Surf. Sci. 2021, 561, 150062. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhang, Q.; Liu, W.J.; Wang, J.; Liu, D.; Sun, Z.H.C. Processing of perovskite La0.9Sr0.1Ga0.8Mg0.2O3-δ electrolyte by glycine-nitrate combustion method. Int. J. Hydrog. Energy 2021, 46, 31362–31369. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Nagar, R.; Vinayan, B.; Samantaray, P.; Ramaprabhu, S. Recent advances in hydrogen storage using catalytically and chemically modified graphene nanocomposites. J. Mater. Chem. A 2017, 5, 22897–22912. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Peng, D.; Ding, Z.; Fu, Y.; Wang, Y.; Bi, J.; Li, Y.; Han, S. Enhanced H2 sorption performance of magnesium hydride with hard-carbon-sphere-wrapped nickel. RSC Adv. 2018, 8, 28787–28796. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Zhang, X.; Liu, Y.; Zhang, X.; Hu, J.; Gao, M.; Pan, H. Empowering hydrogen storage performance of MgH2 by nanoengineering and nanocatalysis. Mater. Today Nano 2020, 9, 100064. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ma, Z.; Zhang, Q.; Zhu, W.; Khan, D.; Hu, C.; Huang, T.; Ding, W.; Zou, J. Nano Fe and Mg2Ni derived from TMA-TM (TM=Fe, Ni) MOFs as synergetic catalysts for hydrogen storage in MgH2. Sustain. Energ. Fuels 2020, 4, 2192–2200. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Abdalla, A.; Hossain, S.; Nisfindy, O.; Azad, A.; Dawood, M.; Azad, A. Hydrogen production, storage, transportation and key challenges with applications: A review. Energ. Convers. Manag. 2018, 165, 602–627. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mohtadi, R.; Orimo, S. The renaissance of hydrides as energy materials. Nat. Rev. Mater. 2016, 2, 16091. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Nyamsi, S.N.; Lototskyy, M.V.; Yartys, V.A.; Capurso, G.C.; Davids, M.W.; Pasupathi, S. 200 NL H2 hydrogen storage tank using MgH2eTiH2eC nanocomposite as H2 storage Material. Int. J. Hydrog. Energy 2021, 46, 19046–19059. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ouyang, L.; Chen, K.; Jiang, J.; Yang, X.; Zhu, M. Hydrogen storage in light-metal based systems: A review. J. Alloys Compd. 2020, 829, 154597. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Huang, Z.; Guo, Z.; Calka, A.; Wexler, D.; Lukey, C.; Liu, H. Effects of iron oxide (Fe2O3, Fe3O4) on hydrogen storage properties of Mg-based composites. J. Alloys Compd. 2006, 422, 299–304. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhang, X.; Wang, K.; Zhang, X.; Hu, J.; Gao, M.; Pan, H.; Liu, Y. Synthesis process and catalytic activity of Nb2O5 hollow spheres for reversible hydrogen storage of MgH2. Int. J. Energ. Res. 2020, 45, 3129–3141. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Shahi, R.; Tiwari, A.; Shaz, M.; Srivastava, O. Studies on de/rehydrogenation characteristics of nanocrystalline MgH2 co-catalyzed with Ti, Fe and Ni. Int. J. Hydrog. Energy 2013, 38, 2778–2784. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Shevlin, S.; Guo, Z. MgH2 Dehydrogenation Thermodynamics: Nanostructuring and Transition Metal Doping. J. Phys. Chem. C. 2013, 117, 10883–10891. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Ponthieu, M.; Calizzi, M.; Pasquini, L.; Fernández, J.; Cuevas, F. Synthesis by reactive ball milling and cycling properties of MgH2-TiH2 nanocomposites: Kinetics and isotopic effects. Int. J. Hydrog. Energy 2014, 39, 9918–9923. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- De Souza, E.C.C.; Muccillo, R. Properties and applications of perovskite proton conductors. Mater. Res. 2010, 13, 385–394. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Haugsrud, R.; Norby, T. Proton conduction in rare-earth ortho-niobates and ortho-tantalates. Nat. Mater. 2006, 5, 193–196. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fabbri, E.; Pergolesi, D.; Traversa, E. Materials challenges toward proton conducting oxide fuel cells: A critical review. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2010, 39, 4355–4369. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Duan, C.; Tong, J.; Shang, M.; Nikodemski, S.; Sanders, M.; Ricote, S.; Almansoori, A.; O’Hayre, R. Readily processed protonic ceramic fuel cells with high performance at low temperatures. Sci. Rep. 2015, 349, 1321–1326. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kreuer, K.D. Proton-Conducting Oxides. Annu. Rev. Mater. Res. 2003, 33, 333–359. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Irshad, M.; Khalid, M.; Rafique, M.; Ahmad, N.; Siraj, K.; Raza, R.; Sadiq, M.; Ahsan, M.; Ghaffarg, A.; Ashfaq, A. Evaluation of BaCo0.4Fe0.4Zr0.2−xNixO3−δ perovskite cathode using nickel as a sintering aid for IT-SOFC. RSC Adv. 2021, 11, 14475–14483. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhang, W.; Hu, Y.H. Recent progress in design and fabrication of SOFC cathodes for efficient catalytic oxygen reduction Author links open overlay panel. Catal. Today 2023, 409, 71–86. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fabbri, E.; Pergolesi, D.; Traversa, E. Electrode materials: A challenge for the exploitation of protonic solid oxide fuel cells. Sci Technol. Adv. Mater. 2010, 11, 044301. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Bonano, N.; Ellis, B.; Mahmood, M.N. Construction and operation of fuel cells based on the solid electrolyte BaCeO3,Gd. Solid. State Ion. 1991, 44, 305–311. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ma, G.L.; Shimura, T.; Iwahara, H. Ionic conduction and nonstoichiometry in BaxCe0.90Y0.10O3-δ. Solid. State Ion. 1998, 110, 103–110. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Schober, T.; Bohn, H.G. Water vapor solubility and electrochemical characterization of the high temperature proton conductor BaZr0.9Y0.1O2.95. Solid. State Ion. 2000, 127, 351–360. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kreuer, K.D.; Adams, S.; Münch, W.; Fuchs, A.; Klock, U.; Maier, J. Proton conducting alkaline earth zirconates and titanates for high drain electrochemical applications. Solid. State Ion. 2001, 145, 295–306. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yartys, V.; Lototskyy, M.; Akiba, E.; Albert, R.; Antonov, V.; Ares, J.; Baricco, M.; Bourgeois, N.; Buckley, C.; von Colbe, J.B.; et al. Magnesium based materials for hydrogen based energy storage: Past, present and future. Int. J. Hydrog. Energy 2019, 44, 7809–7859. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hu, J.; Fichtner, M. Marcello Baricco Preparation of Li-Mg-N-H hydrogen storage materials for an auxiliary power unit. Int. J. Hydrog. Energy 2017, 42, 17144–17148. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Xue, J.; Shen, Y.; Zhou, Q.; He, T.; Han, Y. Combustion synthesis and properties of highly phase-pure perovskite electrolyte Co-doped La0.9Sr0.1Ga0.8Mg0.2O2.85 for IT-SOFCs. Int. J. Hydrog. Energy 2010, 35, 294–300. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Flores, J.J.A.; Rodríguez, M.L.Á.; Vera, J.V.A.; Quiñones, J.G.R.; Martínez, S.J.G.; Zarraga, R.A. Advances in the knowledge of the double perovskites derived from the conformation and substitution of the material Sr2MgMoO6−d as anode with potential application in SOFC cell. Int. J. Hydrog. Energy 2021, 46, 26152–26162. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Friedrich, D.; Schlosser, M.; Pfitzner, A. Synthesis, Crystal Structure, and Physical Properties of Two Polymorphs of CsGaSe2, and High-Temperature X-ray Diffraction Study of the Phase Transition Kinetics. J. Cryst. Growth Des. 2016, 16, 3983–3992. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lufaso, M.W.; Woodward, P.M. Research papers Prediction of the crystal structures of perovskites using the software program. J. Acta Crystallogr. B 2001, 57, 725–738. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Anwar, M.; Ali, S.M.; Abdalla, A.M.; Somalu, M.R.; Muchtar, A. Effect of sintering temperature on the microstructure and ionic conductivity of Ce0.8Sm0.1Ba0.1O2−d electrolyte. Process. Appl. Ceram. 2017, 11, 67–74. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Irshad, M.; Idrees, R.; Siraj, K.; Shakir, I.; Rafique, M.; Ain, Q.U.; Raza, R. Electrochemical evaluation of mixed ionic electronic perovskite cathode LaNi1−xCoxO3-δ for IT-SOFC synthesized by high temperature decomposition Author links open overlay panel. Int. J. Hydrog. Energy 2021, 16, 10448–10456. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pei, R.; Korte-Kerzel, S.; Al-Samman, T. Normal and abnormal grain growth in magnesium: Experimental observations and simulations. J. Mater. Sci. Technol. 2020, 50, 257–270. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kingery, W.D.; Bowen, H.K.; Uhlmann, D.R. Introduction to Ceramics; John Wiley & Sons: New York, NY, USA, 1976. [Google Scholar]
- Rahaman, M.N. Ceramic Processing and Sintering; Marcel Dekker Inc.: New York, NY, USA, 1995. [Google Scholar]
- Chen, L.; Zhou, D.F.; Wang, Y.; Zhu, X.F.; Meng, J. Enhanced sintering of Ce0.8Nd0.2O2, La0.8Sr0.2Ga0.8Mg0.2O3, using CoO as a sintering aid. Ceram. Int. 2017, 43, 3583–3589. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Xiong, J.; Jiao, C.; Han, M.; Yi, W.; Ma, J.; Yan, C.; Cai, W.; Cheng, H. Effect of Li2O additions upon the crystal structure, sinterability and electrical properties of yttria stabilized zirconia electrolyte. RSC Adv. 2016, 6, 106555–106562. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Guo, C.X.; Wang, J.X.; He, C.R.; Wang, W.G. Effect of alumina on the properties of ceria and scandia co-doped zirconia for electrolyte-supported SOFC. Ceram. Int. 2013, 39, 9575–9582. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gill, S.; Kannan, R.; Maffei, N.; Thangadurai, V. Effect of Zr substitution for Ce in BaCe0.8Gd0.15Pr0.05O3−δ on the chemical stability in CO2 and water, and electrical conductivity. RSC Adv. 2013, 3, 3599–3605. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kannan, R.; Singh, K.; Gill, S.; Fürstenhaupt, T.; Thangadurai, V. Chemically Stable Proton Conducting Doped BaCeO3 -No More Fear to SOFC Wastes. Sci. Rep. 2013, 3, 2138. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Barsoukov, E.; Macdonald, J.R. Impedance Spectroscopy: Theory, Experiment, and Applications; John Wiley & Sons, Inc.: Hoboken, NJ, USA, 2005. [Google Scholar]
- Chen, D.; Ran, R.; Zhang, K.; Wang, J.; Shao, Z. Intermediate-temperature electrochemical performance of a polycrystalline PrBaCo2O5+δ cathode on samarium-doped ceria electrolyte. J. Power Sources 2009, 188, 96–105. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lin, B.; Wang, S.; Liu, X.; Meng, G. Simple solid oxide fuel cells. J. Alloys Compd. 2010, 490, 214–222. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Polini, R.; Pamio, A.; Traversa, E. Effect of synthetic route on sintering behaviour, phase purity and conductivity of Sr- and Mg-doped LaGaO3 perovskites. J. Eur. Ceram. Soc. 2004, 24, 1365–1370. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Yang, J.; Ji, B.; Si, J.; Zhang, Q.; Yin, Q.; Xie, J.; Tian, C. Synthesis and properties of ceria based electrolyte for ITSOFCs. Int. J. Hydrog. Energy 2016, 41, 15979–15984. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sha, X.; Lü, Z.; Huang, X.; Miao, J.; Liu, Z.; Xin, X.; Zhang, Y.; Su, W. Influence of the sintering temperature on electrical property of the Ce0.8Sm0.1Y0.1O1.9 electrolyte. J. Alloys Compd. 2007, 433, 274–278. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hong, S.J.; Virkar, A.V. Lattice parameters and densities of rare-earth oxide doped ceria electrolytes. J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 1995, 78, 433–439. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kahlaoui, M.; Chefi, S.; Inoubli, A.; Madani, A.; Chefi, C. Synthesis and electrical properties of co-doping with La3+, Nd3+, Y3+, and Eu3+ citric acid-nitrate prepared samarium-doped ceria ceramics. Ceram. Int. 2013, 39, 3873–3879. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Peng, J.; Zhao, S.; Raza, A.H.; Wu, Y. Energy band modulation of Mg-doped ZnO electrolyte for low-temperature advanced fuel cells. Int. J. Hydrog. Energy 2023, 48, 6088–6098. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Majeed, M.H.; Aycibin, M.; Imer, A.G. Study of the electronic, structure and electrical properties of Mg and Y single doped and Mg/Y co-doped ZnO: Experimental and theoretical studies. Optik 2022, 258, 168949. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Chemical Compounds | Space Group | a = b = c | Volume | X2 | Rp | Rwp | Rexp | Theoretical Density | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ce0.7Sm0.2 Zr0.05 Mg0.05O1.9 | F m-3m | 5.401742 | 159.1092 | 1.63 | 5.16 | 6.79 | 5.32 | 7.623 | |
Ce0.6Sm0.2 Zr0.1 Mg0.1O1.9 | F m-3m | 5.390912 | 155.80007 | 2.13 | 5.88 | 7.75 | 5.31 | 8.319 | |
Ce0.5Sm0.2 Zr0.15 Mg0.15O1.9 | F m-3m | 5.401577 | 157.5144 | 2.34 | 6.36 | 8.37 | 5.47 | 8.908 | |
Atomic Positions | |||||||||
Ce0.7Sm0.2 Zr0.05 Mg0.05O1.9 (x, y, z) & Occ | Ce0.6Sm0.2 Zr0.1 Mg0.1O1.9 (x, y, z) | Ce0.5Sm0.2 Zr0.15 Mg0.15O1.9 (x, y, z) | |||||||
Ce | (0, 0 0) | 0.7 | (0, 0 0) | 0.6 | (0, 0 0) | 0.5 | |||
Sm | (0, 0 0) | 0.2 | (0, 0 0) | 0.2 | (0, 0 0) | 0.2 | |||
Zr | (0, 0 0) | 0.05 | (0, 0 0) | 0.1 | (0, 0 0) | 0.15 | |||
Mg | (0, 0 0) | 0.05 | (0, 0 0) | 0.1 | (0, 0 0) | 0.15 | |||
O | (0.25,0.25,0.25) | 1.9 | (0.25,0.25,0.25) | 1.9 | (0.25,0.25,0.25) | 1.9 |
Chemical Compounds | Ce% Wight | Sm% Wight | Zr% Wight | Mg% Wight |
---|---|---|---|---|
Ce0.7Sm0.2 Zr0.05 Mg0.05O1.9 | 61.04 | 19.66 | 16.77 | 2.53 |
Ce0.6Sm0.2 Zr0.1 Mg0.1O1.9 | 58.65 | 18.07 | 18.98 | 4.30 |
Ce0.5Sm0.2 Zr0.15 Mg0.15O1.9 | 55.22 | 19.31 | 16.86 | 8.61 |
Material | Outer Diameter (mm) | Pt Diameter (mm) | Thickness (mm) | Weight without Pt (g) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Code | Compound | A | B | |||
CSZM05 | Ce0.7Sm0.2 Zr0.05 Mg0.05O1.9 | 9.8367 | 7.0067 | 7.0500 | 1.6100 | 0.4920 |
CSZM10 | Ce0.6Sm0.2 Zr0.1 Mg0.1O1.9 | 9.6667 | 6.6367 | 6.8933 | 1.5667 | 0.4855 |
CSZM15 | Ce0.5Sm0.2 Zr0.15 Mg0.15O1.9 | 9.7267 | 6.8933 | 7.0867 | 1.4900 | 0.4965 |
T (°C) | 1/T (K−1) | s Total (S/cm) | ln (s Total) (S/cm) | Ohmic Resistance (Ω) | Capacitance | ASR | Polarization Resistance (Ω) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
700 | 0.001027591 | 1.0461 × 10 | 2.347653318 | 2.3898 × 10−1 | 4.45 × 10−3 | 8.37 × 10−4 | 3.35 × 10−3 |
650 | 0.001083248 | 3.7979 | 1.33445878 | 6.5825 × 10−1 | 2.32 × 10−4 | 2.31 × 10−3 | 9.22 × 10−3 |
600 | 0.001145279 | 6.0300 × 10−1 | −0.505841294 | 4.1460 | 2.83 × 10−4 | 1.45 × 10−2 | 5.81 × 10−2 |
550 | 0.001214845 | 1.3315 × 10−1 | −2.016275199 | 1.8776 | 6.85 × 10−4 | 6.58 × 10−2 | 2.63 × 10−1 |
500 | 0.00129341 | 2.7329 × 10−2 | −3.599815363 | 9.1479 | 1.73 × 10−3 | 3.20 × 10−1 | 1.28 × 10+00 |
450 | 0.001382839 | 5.8143 × 10−3 | −5.147432299 | 4.2997 × 10+2 | 6.27 × 10−10 | 1.51 × 10+00 | 6.03 × 10+00 |
400 | 0.001485553 | 9.2890 × 10−4 | −6.981506424 | 2.6913 × 10+3 | 1.16 × 10−10 | 9.43 × 10+00 | 3.77 × 10+1 |
T (°C) | T (K) | s Total (S/cm) | ln (s Total) (S/cm) | Ohmic Resistance (Ω) | Capacitance | ASR | Polarization Resistance (Ω) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
700 | 0.001027591 | 2.2639 × 10 | 0.81709542 | 1.1043 | 8.54 × 10−3 | 3.87 × 10−3 | 1.55 × 10−2 |
650 | 0.001083248 | 4.4590 × 10−1 | −0.807654027 | 5.6066 | 1.55 × 10−4 | 1.96 × 10−2 | 7.86 × 10−2 |
600 | 0.001145279 | 1.6106 × 10−1 | −1.825958391 | 1.5522 | 6.46 × 10−5 | 5.44 × 10−2 | 2.18 × 10−1 |
550 | 0.001214845 | 4.9418 × 10−2 | −3.007438747 | 5.0589 × 10 | 2.49 × 10−5 | 1.77 × 10−1 | 7.09 × 10−1 |
500 | 0.00129341 | 7.1712 × 10−3 | −4.937684105 | 3.4862 × 10+2 | 4.14 × 10−5 | 1.22 × 10+0 | 4.89 × 10+0 |
450 | 0.001382839 | 2.3180 × 10−3 | −6.067037035 | 1.0785 × 10+3 | 5.95 × 10−8 | 3.78 × 10+0 | 1.51 × 10+1 |
400 | 0.001485553 | 2.0162 × 10−4 | −8.509132304 | 1.2400 × 10+4 | 5.20 × 10−11 | 4.34 × 10+1 | 1.74 × 10+2 |
T (°C) | T (K) | s Total (S/cm) | ln (s Total) (S/cm) | Ohmic Resistance (Ω) | Capacitance | ASR | Polarization Resistance (Ω) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
700 | 0.001027591 | 2.2639 | 0.81709542 | 1.1043 | 8.54 × 10−3 | 3.87 × 10−3 | 1.55 × 10−2 |
650 | 0.001083248 | 4.4590 × 10−1 | −0.807654027 | 5.6066 | 1.55 × 10−4 | 1.96 × 10−2 | 7.86 × 10−2 |
600 | 0.001145279 | 1.6106 × 10−1 | −1.825958391 | 1.5522 × 10 | 6.46 × 10−5 | 5.44 × 10−2 | 2.18 × 10−1 |
550 | 0.001214845 | 4.9418 × 10−2 | −3.007438747 | 5.0589 × 10 | 2.49 × 10−5 | 1.77 × 10−1 | 7.09 × 10−1 |
500 | 0.00129341 | 1.1081 × 10−2 | −4.502482338 | 2.2560 × 10+2 | 1.01 × 10−5 | 7.90 × 10−1 | 3.16 × 10+0 |
450 | 0.001382839 | 1.5281 × 10−3 | −6.483742838 | 1.6360 × 10+3 | 1.07 × 10−6 | 5.73 × 10+0 | 2.29 × 10+1 |
400 | 0.001485553 | 2.6192 × 10−4 | −8.247487205 | 9.5450 × 10+3 | 5.34 × 10−11 | 3.34 × 10+1 | 1.34 × 10+2 |
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. |
© 2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Abdalla, A.M.; Azad, A.K.; Dawood, M.M.K.; Taweekun, J. Structural, Thermal, and Electrochemical Properties of Ce 0.8−2x Sm 0.2 Zrx Mgx O2−d, {x = 0.05, 0.1 & 0.15} Promising Electrolyte Compounds for (IT-SOFCs) Applications. Energies 2023, 16, 4923. https://doi.org/10.3390/en16134923
Abdalla AM, Azad AK, Dawood MMK, Taweekun J. Structural, Thermal, and Electrochemical Properties of Ce 0.8−2x Sm 0.2 Zrx Mgx O2−d, {x = 0.05, 0.1 & 0.15} Promising Electrolyte Compounds for (IT-SOFCs) Applications. Energies. 2023; 16(13):4923. https://doi.org/10.3390/en16134923
Chicago/Turabian StyleAbdalla, Abdalla. M., Abul K. Azad, Mohamed M. K. Dawood, and Juntakan Taweekun. 2023. "Structural, Thermal, and Electrochemical Properties of Ce 0.8−2x Sm 0.2 Zrx Mgx O2−d, {x = 0.05, 0.1 & 0.15} Promising Electrolyte Compounds for (IT-SOFCs) Applications" Energies 16, no. 13: 4923. https://doi.org/10.3390/en16134923