Experience in Scaling-Up of Photo-Thermo-Catalytic Purification of Process Gasses from NOx
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. PTC NOx Removal: State of the Art
2.1. The Role of Temperature in the Solution to the “Water Problem”
2.2. The Progress of Photo-Thermo-Catalytic Reactors for the NOx Removal Process
2.3. The Importance of Light Transfer in Pilot-Scale Reactors
2.4. Beneficial Effects of Temperature in the Process of Photocatalytic NOx Removal: Auxiliary Processes
3. Further Development of Photo-Thermo-Catalytic Reactors
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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No | Catalyst | Reactor | Conditions | Max. NOx Conversion, % | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Powder form, Pd/PdO-loaded TiO2 (Degussa P25; 75% anatase and 25% rutile) specific surface area of 50 m2/g | Lab-scale photo-reactor aluminum alloy 6061, quartz window. The light-exposed area is 273 mm2, and the shape of the reactor is a double isosceles triangles with cut vertex (length of 3 to 5 mm, width of 12 mm, and depth of 1 mm), and the internal volume of the reactor is 0.546 mL. The photoreactor inserted with a thermocouple was settled on a heating plate to precisely control the reaction temperature. | 400 ppm NO, 5000 ppm C3H8, and pure N2 as water vapor carrier (0–1.6 v.%). The light intensity and wavelength are ~200mW/cm2 and 365 nm, respectively. Flow rate 3–10 mL/min (equivalent to volume hourly space velocity (GHSV) from 330–1090 h−1), temperature 30–120 °C. | Dry 94% Humid 90% | [19] |
2 | PtOxPdOy/TiO2-coated monolith (4.2 cm diameter and 6.0 cm length) | Lab-scale monolith photoreactor. The catalyst-coated monolith was inserted by side-glowed optical fiber in each channel and placed inside a circular quartz vessel. | 400 ppm NO, 5000 ppm C3H8, O2 5 v.%, H2O (water saturator at room temperature), N2 UV-A light (320–500 nm) at intensity of 46.9 mW/cm2, flow rate 7 mL/min (GHSV 3.15 h–1), temperature 25, 70, and 120 °C. | Dry 90% Humid 65% O2 67.1% | [18] |
3 | TiO2 supported on a spherical α-Al2O3/γ-Al2O3 | Modified lab-scale photoreactor (no. 1 in this table): a cylindrical notch of 15 mm in diameter and 1 mm in height, with exposure area of 176.63 mm2. The photoreactor inserted with a thermocouple was settled on a heating plate to precisely control the reaction temperature. | Lab-scale test 400 ppmv NO; 2000 ppmv C4H10; 4 v% O2; 4 v% H2O; and balancing by N2. The total feed gas volumetric flow rate was 25 mL/min (GHSV 10,000 h−1). The light source was provided by a mercury arc lamp (EXFO S1500, 200 mW cm−2, 320–500 nm), temperature 40–300 °C. | 43% | [20] |
4 | TiO2 supported on a spherical α-Al2O3/γ-Al2O3 | Pilot-scale photoreactor (annular type, diameter of 100 mm and 80 mm, length of 1120 mm, flow rate of 50–300 L/h of air) | Real-condition flue gas from the coal burning in a domestic furnace (25 kW), total volumetric flow rate 2300 mL/min (GHSV of 80 h−1), temperature 120–130 °C. | 68–75% | [20] |
5 | TiO2 photocatalyst was prepared by sol-gel method (powder form) | Lab-scale photoreactor (like in No. 3) | 400 ppmv NO, 2000 ppmv C4H10, 4 vol.% O2, 4 vol.% H2O, and balance gas (N2) with (GHSV of 10,000 h−1). Mercury arc lamp (OmniCure S1500, 200 mW cm−2, 320–500 nm), temperature 40–300 °C. | Humid, O2, 80% | [21] |
6 | Titania nanosheet photocatalysts with dominantly exposed (001) reactive facets | Lab-scale photoreactor (like in No. 3) | 400 ppmv NO; 2000 ppmv C4H10; 4 v% O2; 4 v% H2O; and balancing by N2. The total feed gas volumetric flow rate was 25 mL min−1 (GHSV 10,000 h−1). Mercury arc lamp (OmniCure S1500, 200 mW cm−2, 320–500 nm), temperature 40–160 °C. | Humid, O2, 87% | [22] |
Reactant | Optimal Temperature Range, °C | Photocatalyst, Light | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|
Acetaldehyde | 140 | Pt-TiO2, UV (6 W black light, 0.08–0.10 mW/cm2) | [24] |
Acetone | 100 | TiO2, 1000 W xenon lamp (313 nm interference filter, 7 mW/cm2) | [27] |
Benzene | 160–180 | TiO2 (Degussa P-25), 15 W near-UV lamp (350 nm) | [28] |
Reactor | Process | Temperature | Pressure | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|
1.7 L, AISI 316 stainless | Photocatalytic reduction of CO2 with H2O | 80 °C | 7 bar | [57] |
8 cm inner diameter and 1 cm depth | Photocatalytic reduction of CO2 | 75–95 °C | 1.8 atm | [47] |
Sapphire glass tube (o.d. 10 mm, length: 120 mm, wall thickness: 1 mm), filled with glass beads with a diameter of 6 mm | Dye-sensitized hydroxylation of arylboronic acid in an aqueous ethanol solution with high excess air compared to the substrate solution | n/a | 1–20 bar | [50,51] |
CO2 photoreduction in the liquid phase | n/a | 7 bar | [53] | |
Lab-scale photo-reactor | CO2 photoreduction in the liquid phase | 90 °C | 20 bar | [48,49] |
Lab-scale (observation window ~1 cm2) pressurized photo-thermal reactor | DRIFT reactor for investigation of different gas–solid processes | Up to 450 °C | 34.4 bar | [6] |
Innovative pressurized photoreactor, 1.3 L | Photoreduction of CO2 | 90 °C | 20 bar | [54] |
Vortex reactor | Photo-oxidation of α-terpinene and furfuryl alcohol and photodeborylation of phenylboronic acid | 80 °C | 20 bar | [52] |
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Lasek, J.A.; Głód, K.; Fryza, R.; Dobras, S.; Chwoła, T.; Supernok, K.; Wu, J.C.-S.; Wu, A.P.-Y.; Huang, C.-W. Experience in Scaling-Up of Photo-Thermo-Catalytic Purification of Process Gasses from NOx. Energies 2023, 16, 5344. https://doi.org/10.3390/en16145344
Lasek JA, Głód K, Fryza R, Dobras S, Chwoła T, Supernok K, Wu JC-S, Wu AP-Y, Huang C-W. Experience in Scaling-Up of Photo-Thermo-Catalytic Purification of Process Gasses from NOx. Energies. 2023; 16(14):5344. https://doi.org/10.3390/en16145344
Chicago/Turabian StyleLasek, Janusz Andrzej, Krzysztof Głód, Rafał Fryza, Szymon Dobras, Tadeusz Chwoła, Krzysztof Supernok, Jeffrey Chi-Sheng Wu, Andy Peng-Yu Wu, and Chao-Wei Huang. 2023. "Experience in Scaling-Up of Photo-Thermo-Catalytic Purification of Process Gasses from NOx" Energies 16, no. 14: 5344. https://doi.org/10.3390/en16145344