Fuel Consumption, Emissions of Air Pollutants and Opportunities for Reducing CO2 Emissions from Linear Sources in the Model Rural Municipality
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. The Traffic Measurement
2.2. Assumptions for Analysis
- Variant I—replacement of trips up to 3 km made by private transport (passenger car) with bicycle transport.
- Variant Ia—replacing 30% of car trips with bicycle transportation.
- Variant Ib—replacing 30% + 10% (caused by the COVID pandemic) of car trips with bicycle transportation.
- Variant II—reducing commuter to work, reducing private transportation (minibuses),
- Variant IIa—10% of residents will convert private transportation to public transportation.
- Variant IIb—30% of residents will replace private transportation with public transportation.
2.3. Counting Method
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Zone Name | Zone Code | Symbol of the Resultant Class for Individual Pollutants for the Area of the Entire Zone | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SO2 | NO2 | CO | C6H6 | PM10 | PM2.5 | O3 | As | Cd | Ni | BaP | Pb | ||
Mazovia | PL1404 | A | A | A | A | C | C | A | A | A | A | C | A |
Vehicle Category | Traffic Volume on the Roads: SDR, Vehicles/day | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
National | Provincial | District | Municipal | Total | |
Motorcycles | 60 | 323 | 113 | 107 | 603 |
Cars | 13,404 | 31,268 | 10,944 | 10,318 | 65,934 |
Light trucks (vans) | 1841 | 3076 | 1077 | 1015 | 7009 |
Trucks without trailer | 900 | 1115 | 390 | 368 | 2773 |
Trucks with trailers | 3641 | 1362 | 477 | 449 | 5929 |
Buses | 160 | 339 | 119 | 112 | 730 |
Total motor vehicles | 20,006 | 37,483 | 13,120 | 12,369 | 82,978 |
Type of Transport | Emission Factors, g/kg | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
CO | NMLZO 1 | NOx | PM | |
Gasoline-powered passenger cars | 230.0 | 44.0 | 34.1 | 0.0 |
Cars with up to 3500 kg total weight, ON | 18.0 | 4.0 | 18.8 | 6.0 |
Trucks with more than 3500 kg total weight, ON | 32.5 | 12.5 | 53.0 | 6.0 |
Type of Contamination | CO2 | CH4 | N2O | CO | NMVOC | NOx | PM | SO2 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Vehicle Category | g/kg | |||||||
Farm tractors | 3 170 | 0.19 | 0.16 | 46.3 | 8 | 52 | 5.2 | 0.1 |
Type of Road | Vehicle Category | Traffic Volume, Vehicle/day | The Average Amount of Fuel Burned, l/100 km | Length Road Section, km | The Average Amount of Fuel Burned on a Given Road Section, L | Average Emission of CO2, kg CO2/L | Daily CO2 Emissions, kg/day |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
National | Motorcycles | 60 | 5.0 | 7 | 21.00 | 2.37 | 49.77 |
Passenger cars, powered BS | 10,723 | 8.0 | 7 | 6004.99 | 2.37 | 14,231.83 | |
Passenger cars, powered ON | 2681 | 7.0 | 7 | 1313.59 | 1.49 | 1957.25 | |
Light trucks (vans), powered BS | 368 | 11.0 | 7 | 283.51 | 2.37 | 671.93 | |
Light trucks (vans), powered ON | 1473 | 9.0 | 7 | 927.86 | 1.49 | 1382.52 | |
Trucks without trailer | 900 | 30.0 | 7 | 1890.00 | 1.49 | 2816.10 | |
Trucks with trailers | 3641 | 33.0 | 7 | 8410.71 | 1.49 | 12,531.96 | |
Buses | 160 | 25.0 | 7 | 280.00 | 1.49 | 417.20 | |
Provincial | Motorcycles | 323 | 5.0 | 23 | 371.45 | 2.37 | 880.34 |
Passenger cars, powered BS | 25,014 | 8.0 | 23 | 46,026.50 | 2.37 | 109,082.80 | |
Passenger cars, powered ON | 6254 | 7.0 | 23 | 10,068.30 | 1.49 | 15,001.76 | |
Light trucks (vans), powered BS | 615 | 11.0 | 23 | 1556.46 | 2.37 | 3688.80 | |
Light trucks (vans), powered ON | 2461 | 9.0 | 23 | 5093.86 | 1.49 | 7589.85 | |
Trucks without trailer | 1115 | 30.0 | 23 | 7693.50 | 1.49 | 11,463.32 | |
Trucks with trailers | 1362 | 33.0 | 23 | 10,337.58 | 1.49 | 15,402.99 | |
Buses | 339 | 25.0 | 23 | 1949.25 | 1.49 | 2904.38 | |
District (35% of provincial SDRs) | Motorcycles | 113 | 5.0 | 35 | 197.84 | 2.37 | 468.87 |
Passenger cars, powered BS | 7004 | 8.0 | 35 | 19,611.29 | 2.37 | 46,478.76 | |
Passenger cars, powered ON | 438 | 7.0 | 35 | 1072.49 | 1.49 | 1598.01 | |
Light trucks (vans), powered BS | 43 | 11.0 | 35 | 165.80 | 2.37 | 392.94 | |
Light trucks (vans), powered ON | 689 | 9.0 | 35 | 2170.43 | 1.49 | 3233.93 | |
Trucks without trailer | 390 | 30.0 | 35 | 4097.63 | 1.49 | 6105.46 | |
Trucks with trailers | 477 | 33.0 | 35 | 5505.89 | 1.49 | 8203.77 | |
Buses | 119 | 35.0 | 35 | 1453.46 | 1.49 | 2165.66 | |
Municipal (33% of provincial SDRs) | Motorcycles | 107 | 5.0 | 85 | 453.01 | 2.37 | 1073.63 |
Passenger cars, powered BS | 6604 | 8.0 | 85 | 44,905.85 | 2.37 | 106,426.87 | |
Passenger cars, powered ON | 413 | 7.0 | 85 | 2455.79 | 1.49 | 3659.13 | |
Light trucks (vans), powered BS | 41 | 11.0 | 85 | 379.64 | 2.37 | 899.75 | |
Light trucks (vans), powered ON | 650 | 9.0 | 85 | 4969.83 | 1.49 | 7405.05 | |
Trucks without trailer | 368 | 30.0 | 85 | 9382.73 | 1.49 | 13,980.26 | |
Trucks with trailers | 449 | 33.0 | 84.4 | 12,518.36 | 1.49 | 18,652.36 | |
Buses | 112 | 35.0 | 84.4 | 3304.64 | 1.49 | 4923.91 |
Type of Road | Vehicle Category | Traffic Volume, Vehicle/day | The Average Amount of Fuel Burned, l/100 km | Length Road Section, km | The Average Amount of Fuel Burned on a Given Road Section, L | Emission, kg/day | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CO | NMLZO | NOX | PM | ||||||
National | Motorcycles | 60 | 5.0 | 7.0 | 21.00 | 3.62 | 0.69 | 0.54 | 0.00 |
Passenger cars, powered BS | 10,723 | 8.0 | 7.0 | 6004.99 | 1035.86 | 198.16 | 153.58 | 0.00 | |
Passenger cars, powered ON | 2681 | 7.0 | 7.0 | 1313.59 | 19.63 | 4.36 | 20.50 | 6.54 | |
Light trucks (vans), powered BS | 368 | 11.0 | 7.0 | 283.51 | 48.91 | 9.36 | 7.25 | 0.00 | |
Light trucks (vans), powered ON | 1473 | 9.0 | 7.0 | 927.86 | 13.86 | 3.08 | 14.48 | 4.62 | |
Trucks without trailer | 900 | 30.0 | 7.0 | 1890.00 | 50.98 | 19.61 | 83.14 | 9.41 | |
Trucks with trailers | 3641 | 33.0 | 7.0 | 8410.71 | 226.88 | 87.26 | 369.99 | 41.89 | |
Buses | 160 | 25.0 | 7.0 | 280.00 | 7.55 | 2.91 | 12.32 | 1.39 | |
Provincial | Motorcycles | 323 | 5.0 | 23.0 | 371.45 | 64.08 | 12.26 | 9.50 | 0.00 |
Passenger cars, powered BS | 25,014 | 8.0 | 23.0 | 46,026.50 | 7939.57 | 1518.87 | 1177.13 | 0.00 | |
Passenger cars, powered ON | 6254 | 7.0 | 23.0 | 10,068.30 | 150.42 | 33.43 | 157.11 | 50.14 | |
Light trucks (vans), powered BS | 615 | 11.0 | 23.0 | 1556.46 | 268.49 | 51.36 | 39.81 | 0.00 | |
Light trucks (vans), powered ON | 2461 | 9.0 | 23.0 | 5093.86 | 76.10 | 16.91 | 79.48 | 25.37 | |
Trucks without trailer | 1115 | 30.0 | 23.0 | 7693.50 | 207.53 | 79.82 | 338.44 | 38.31 | |
Trucks with trailers | 1362 | 33.0 | 23.0 | 10,337.58 | 278.86 | 107.25 | 454.75 | 51.48 | |
Buses | 339 | 25.0 | 23.0 | 1949.25 | 52.58 | 20.22 | 85.75 | 9.71 | |
District (35% of provincial SDRs) | Motorcycles | 113 | 5.0 | 35.0 | 197.84 | 34.13 | 6.53 | 5.06 | 0.00 |
Passenger cars, powered BS | 7004 | 8.0 | 35.0 | 19,611.29 | 3382.95 | 647.17 | 501.56 | 0.00 | |
Passenger cars, powered ON | 438 | 7.0 | 35.0 | 1072.49 | 16.02 | 3.56 | 16.74 | 5.34 | |
Light trucks (vans), powered BS | 43 | 11.0 | 35.0 | 165.80 | 28.60 | 5.47 | 4.24 | 0.00 | |
Light trucks (vans), powered ON | 689 | 9.0 | 35.0 | 2170.43 | 32.43 | 7.21 | 33.87 | 10.81 | |
Trucks without trailer | 390 | 30.0 | 35.0 | 4097.63 | 110.53 | 42.51 | 180.25 | 20.41 | |
Trucks with trailers | 477 | 33.0 | 35.0 | 5505.89 | 148.52 | 57.12 | 242.20 | 27.42 | |
Buses | 119 | 35.0 | 35.0 | 1453.46 | 39.21 | 15.08 | 63.94 | 7.24 | |
Municipal (33% of provincial SDRs) | Motorcycles | 107 | 5.0 | 85.0 | 453.01 | 78.14 | 14.95 | 11.59 | 0.00 |
Passenger cars, powered BS | 6604 | 8.0 | 85.0 | 44,905.85 | 7746.26 | 1481.89 | 1148.47 | 0.00 | |
Passenger cars, powered ON | 413 | 7.0 | 85.0 | 2455.79 | 36.69 | 8.15 | 38.32 | 12.23 | |
Light trucks (vans), powered BS | 41 | 11.0 | 85.0 | 379.64 | 65.49 | 12.53 | 9.71 | 0.00 | |
Light trucks (vans), powered ON | 650 | 9.0 | 85.0 | 4969.83 | 74.25 | 16.50 | 77.55 | 24.75 | |
Trucks without trailer | 368 | 30.0 | 85.0 | 9382.73 | 253.10 | 97.35 | 412.75 | 46.73 | |
Trucks with trailers | 449 | 33.0 | 85.0 | 12,607.35 | 340.08 | 130.80 | 554.60 | 62.78 | |
Buses | 112 | 35.0 | 85.0 | 3328.13 | 89.78 | 34.53 | 146.40 | 16.57 |
Type of Contamination | CO2 | CH4 | N2O | CO | NMVOC | NOx | PM | SO2 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Vehicle Category | kg/year | |||||||
Farm tractors | 67,379.36 | 4.04 | 3.40 | 984.12 | 170.04 | 1105.28 | 110.53 | 2.13 |
Variant | Emissions of CO2 in the Base Year 2010 | Emission Reduction | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
kg CO2/day | kg CO2/day | % | ||
I | a | 4.26 × 105 | 5.60 × 104 | 13 |
b | 8.78 × 104 | 21 | ||
II | a | 1.16 × 104 | 3 | |
b | 3.48 × 104 | 8 | ||
Ia, and IIa | 7.47 × 104 | 18 | ||
Ia, and IIb | 11.20 × 104 | 26 | ||
Ib, and IIa | 10.65 × 104 | 25 | ||
Ib, and IIb | 14.39 × 104 | 34 |
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Konieczna, A.; Roman, K.; Rzodkiewicz, W. Fuel Consumption, Emissions of Air Pollutants and Opportunities for Reducing CO2 Emissions from Linear Sources in the Model Rural Municipality. Energies 2023, 16, 5553. https://doi.org/10.3390/en16145553
Konieczna A, Roman K, Rzodkiewicz W. Fuel Consumption, Emissions of Air Pollutants and Opportunities for Reducing CO2 Emissions from Linear Sources in the Model Rural Municipality. Energies. 2023; 16(14):5553. https://doi.org/10.3390/en16145553
Chicago/Turabian StyleKonieczna, Anita, Kamil Roman, and Witold Rzodkiewicz. 2023. "Fuel Consumption, Emissions of Air Pollutants and Opportunities for Reducing CO2 Emissions from Linear Sources in the Model Rural Municipality" Energies 16, no. 14: 5553. https://doi.org/10.3390/en16145553