3.1. Nodal Hierarchical Tide Calculation
The general power flow calculation for complex distribution networks is slow, which affects the overall analysis of the distribution network. In this paper, the forward and backward generation method of node layers is used to calculate the power flow, which can not only improve the computational efficiency but also detect the topology structure to determine whether the solution is feasible. According to the branches and nodes of the distribution network, the node association matrix, node layering matrix and upper node matrix must be defined in the distribution system [
19].
The node association matrix in the distribution network is defined as follows:
where
i and
j are any two nodes in the distribution network.
The node layering matrix is defined as Layer M, where the number of column layers in the matrix and the number of each layer are node numbers.
The upper node matrix is defined as Upper N, which consists of a row with N columns corresponding to the number of nodes in the distribution network. The number in each column is the number of the upper layer node corresponding to the node number in the column.
The node hierarchy is carried out with the radial network of eight nodes shown in
Figure 1, with branches 4–8 and 5–6 as contact switches (open). The remaining branches are segment switches (closed).
In normal operation, the contact switch is on while the segment switch is closed. Then, the node association matrix of the network shown in
Figure 1 can be described as
Since
Node(
i,
j) is a symmetric matrix, the network topology can be determined by the upper triangular matrix
Node(
i,
j)′.
Since node 1 is a power node, the search is performed from this node. The element in column 1 and row 1 of the node layering matrix is “1”; that is,
Layer M = [
1], and the corresponding
Upper N = [0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0].
To find the second layer of nodes: The element of the first column of the upper node hierarchy matrix is “1”, then find the column where the element “1” is in the first row of the upper triangular matrix, which is the second column, so Layer M = [1 2], and the second column of the upper node matrix is “1”, that is, Upper N = [0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0].
And so on, until
Upper N, in addition to the first element, is “0”, and the rest is not “0”, which means that the network nodes have been searched. The final node layering matrix and upper node matrix can be derived as follows.
The final Layer M shows the hierarchy of the network, the Upper N shows the upper nodes connected to each node, and the end nodes of the network are 5, 6 and 8. After the hierarchy is completed, the tide is calculated using the traditional forward–back substitution method.
3.2. Coding Strategy
The distribution network usually uses ring structure radial operation; that is, every close contact switch forms a ring network. To meet the structural requirements of distribution network operation, it is necessary to disconnect a segment switch in the ring network to keep the network radial. Since there are many branches in the distribution network, a reasonable strategy for coding the branches must be chosen. To reduce the solution space for reconstructing the distribution network, an integer ring network coding strategy is used to code each branch. The individual steps are as follows:
The entire network switch is closed to form a number of ring networks. The number of ring networks is equal to the number of contact switches.
The switches of the entire network are numbered with natural numbers from small to large. They are classified according to their respective ring networks.
The switches in each ring network are renumbered within the ring. The contact switches in each ring network are numbered last.
In the following, the IEEE 33-bus distribution network shown in
Figure 2 is used as an example for the coding explanation, and the coding results are shown in
Table 1 [
19].
As shown in
Figure 1, there are 32 segment switches and 5 contact switches in the network, of which switch 1 is not in any ring network and is therefore not encoded. In this coding strategy, the particle dimension is the number of ring networks, and the specific value of each dimension represents the number of switches that are not connected in the corresponding ring networks. For example,
Swarm = [10, 7, 15, 21, 37] disconnects switches 33, 34, 35, 36, 37.
Table 1 shows that the upper limit of each particle dimension is
Ub = [10, 7, 15, 21, 11], and the lower limit is
Lb = [1, 1, 1, 1, 1].
The reconfiguration of the distribution network should correspond to the radial network structure and not form a ring network; that is, an independent ring network is formed when a contact switch is closed and a disconnector is switched off. Therefore, the number of unfeasible solutions will increase in the reconstruction process. To ensure that there are no ring networks and isolated islands in the reconstructed network, the branch loop correlation matrix is introduced and combined with the node layering strategy to determine the infeasible solution. The branch loop correlation matrix
T is described as
where the rows in matrix
T represent the five loops formed by the IEEE 33-node distribution system, and the columns represent the disconnected switch numbers.
S = 0 indicates the switch is closed, and
S = 1 indicates the switch is disconnected; for example,
S23 = 0 indicates the third switch of the second loop is closed.
Judgment rules are as follows:
If the matrix T is a diagonal array after particle iteration, there is no common switch in the loop, and a feasible solution is obtained.
If the matrix T is not diagonal and there are two identical rows, this means that the same switch is interrupted twice, and a loop network is created. That is not a feasible solution.
If the matrix T is not diagonal and does not have the same two rows, then the upper node matrix Upper N is needed to make a judgment. If the first element of Upper N is zero and the remaining elements are non-zero, a feasible solution is obtained. If the first element of Upper N is zero and the remaining elements are non-zero, this indicates that the line is islanded, and a non-feasible solution is obtained.
Take the distribution network IEEE with 33 nodes as an example. If the combinations of the switched-off switches are 33, 34, 35, 36 and 37, the following three matrices can be obtained by coding.
At this time, the matrix T is a diagonal array, and the matrix Upper N is not zero except for the first element, so there are no islands in the line, and this switching solution is a feasible solution.