Analysis of Tariffs and the Impact on Voltage Variations in Low-Voltage Grids with Smart Charging and Renewable Energy

The rapid increase in electric vehicles (EVs) and installed photovoltaic systems (PV) has resulted in new challenges for electric systems, e.g., voltage variations in low-voltage grids. Grid owners cannot directly control the power consumption of the end consumers. However, by the design of transparent tariffs, economic incentives are introduced for the end consumers to adjust their EV charging patterns. In this work, the main objective is to design a time-of-use pricing tariff to reduce the voltage variations in a low-voltage grid when introducing PVs and EVs with smart charging. Data from an existing low-voltage grid and hourly data from household power consumption, together with models of PV and EV charging, are used to simulate the voltage fluctuations based on the modified electric consumption. The results show that a time-of-use pricing tariff taking into consideration maximum peak power is important to reduce grid voltage variations. Another observation is that the use of economic incentives, such as subsidies when selling power from the household, combined with V2G technology can be economical for households but increases the voltage variations in the grid.