Power Planning for a Reliable Southern African Regional Grid
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Southern African Region Overview
2.1. Power Interconnection
2.2. Power System Reliability
2.3. HVDC Line-Commutated Converter (LCC) Link
2.4. FACTS Features
- Existing network reconfiguration, decommissioning, and optimization.
- Differences in customer requirements or network infrastructure.
- The installation of new transmission substations or the refurbishment of a current transmission system connection.
- The accumulative effects of the several above-mentioned developments.
3. Methodology
- The network must be capable of withstanding the loss of a single transmission line.
- Permit voltage in each system busbar.
- Transformers, generators, and transmission lines, for instance, should not be overloaded.
- At all times, the generating capacity must exceed the load demand.
- Capable of maintaining stability in the event of a short circuit.
- It should be able to endure a generator failure.
4. Discussion of Results
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
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Coal-Fired Plants | Installed Capacity (MW) | Hydroelectricity | Installed Capacity (MW) |
---|---|---|---|
Arnot | 2100 | Conventional hydro stations | |
Camden | 1561 | Gariep | 360 |
Duvha | 3600 | Vanderkloof | 240 |
Grootvelei | 1200 | Pumped storage schemes | |
Hendrina | 2000 | Drakensberg | 1000 |
Kendal | 4116 | Palmiet | 400 |
Komati | 1000 | Ingula | 1332 |
Kriel | 2850 | Other hydropower Stations | |
Lethabo | 3708 | Colley Wobbles | 42 |
Majuba | 4110 | Second Falls | 11 |
Matimba | 3990 | First Falls | 6 |
Matla | 3600 | Ncora | 2.4 |
Tutuka | 3654 | Other renewable energy stations | |
Medupi | 4800 | Sere Wind Facility | 106 |
Kusile | 3200 | ||
Gas/Liquid turbine stations | Nuclear | ||
Acacia | 171 | Koeberg | 1840 |
Port Rex | 171 | ||
Ankerlig | 1327 | ||
Gourikwa | 740 | ||
Independent Power Producers (Solar and Wind) | 5027 | ||
Total Installed Capacity (existing) | 58,108.4 | ||
Eskom Planned capacity additions (Kusile units 5 & 6) | 1600 |
Country | Thermal | Gas | Hydro | Solar | Nuclear | Wind | Oil | Diesel | Total (MW) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
South Africa | 45,489 | 2409 | 3393.4 | 2323 | 1840 | 2323 | 57,777.4 | ||
Angola | 243 | 5901.46 | 35 | 95 | 136 | 6410.46 | |||
Mozambique | 800 | 2206 | 40 | 3046 | |||||
Botswana | 822 | 1.3 | 70 | 893.3 | |||||
Lesotho | 72.67 | 0.305 | 72.975 | ||||||
Malawi | 370.35 | 36 | 406.35 | ||||||
Namibia | 120 | 332 | 163 | 46.4 | 661.4 | ||||
Swaziland | 78.1 | 78.1 | |||||||
Zambia | 405 | 2294.5 | 54 | 8.85 | 2762.35 | ||||
Zimbabwe | 1130 | 1140 | 2270 | ||||||
Total | 48,766 | 2652 | 15,788.48 | 2616.6 | 1840 | 2323 | 95 | 297.25 | 74,378.36 |
Country | Power Demand (MW) | Current Access (%) |
---|---|---|
South Africa | 46,678 | 95 |
Angola | 3378.65 | 45 |
Mozambique | 1650.5 | 29 |
Botswana | 702 | 56 |
Lesotho | 155 | 44.64 |
Malawi | 470 | 11 |
Namibia | 600 | 56 |
Swaziland | 223 | 87 |
Zambia | 2300 | 31 |
Zimbabwe | 2200 | 41.9 |
Busbar Name | (a) HVAC (p.u) | (b) HVDC Link (p.u) | (c) HVDC & SVC (p.u) |
---|---|---|---|
Angola 11 kV | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Angola 400 kV | 1.01 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Namibia 11 kV | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Namibia 220 kV | 1.02 | 0.96 | 0.99 |
Namibia 400 kV | 0.94 | 0.94 | 0.98 |
South Africa 11 kV | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
South Africa 275 kV | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
South Africa 132 kV | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
South Africa 220 kV | 1.00 | 0.99 | 1.00 |
South Africa 400 kV | 0.99 | 0.99 | 1.00 |
South Africa 110 kV | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Lesotho 11 kV | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Lesotho 132 kV | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Botswana 11 kV | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Botswana 400 kV | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Botswana 220 kV | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Botswana 132 kV | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Swaziland 11 kV | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Swaziland 400 kV | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Swaziland 132 kV | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Mozambique 11 kV | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Mozambique 400 kV | 1.01 | 1.01 | 1.01 |
Mozambique 330 kV | 1.05 | 1.05 | 1.01 |
Mozambique 275 kV | 1.01 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Mozambique 110 kV | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Malawi 11 kV | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Malawi 400 kV | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Zimbabwe 11 kV | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Zimbabwe 400 kV | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.99 |
Zimbabwe 330 kV | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Zimbabwe 220 kV | 0.99 | 0.99 | 0.98 |
Zambia 11 kV | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Zambia 400 kV | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Zambia 330 kV | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.99 |
Transmission Line Name | (a) HVAC (%) | (b) HVDC (%) | (c) HVDC & SVC (%) |
---|---|---|---|
Aggeneys–Kokerboom | 28.80 | 26.77 | 24.82 |
Aggeneys–Harib | 35.69 | 33.18 | 30.76 |
Angola–Nampower | 41.79 | 27.55 | 33.35 |
Aries–Kokerboom | 76.42 | 87.21 | 61.56 |
Arnot–Maputo | 5.82 | 5.62 | 4.22 |
Bulawayo–Francistown | 40.66 | 40.67 | 58.31 |
Camden–Edwaleni | 3.27 | 3.76 | 2.37 |
Derderport–Dwaalboom | 4.91 | 5.23 | 8.59 |
Edwaleni II–Maputo | 7.73 | 7.95 | 5.46 |
Gaborone–Spitskop 132 kV | 4.24 | 4.51 | 7.40 |
Gaborone–Spitskop 132 kV | 4.23 | 4.51 | 7.40 |
Insukamini–Phokoje | 19.54 | 19.54 | 28.39 |
Kariba North–Karia South | 45.23 | 45.21 | 50.41 |
Kariba North–Kariba South II | 45.23 | 45.21 | 50.41 |
Komatipoort–Corumana | 2.78 | 2.40 | 1.18 |
Komatipoort–Infulene | 6.47 | 5.50 | 2.48 |
Malawi–Mozambique | 21.84 | 22.18 | 34.04 |
Malawi–Zambia | 16.99 | 17.05 | 23.52 |
Normandie–Nhlanganao | 2.59 | 1.33 | 1.80 |
Phokoje–Matimba TL | 6.94 | 7.4 | 12.00 |
Songo–Apollo | 6.05 | 5.84 | 4.39 |
Songo–Bindura | 25.30 | 25.55 | 48.42 |
Tweespruit–Maseru | 5.09 | 4.93 | 4.11 |
Tweespruit–Maseru (1) | 7.75 | 7.50 | 6.25 |
Transmission Line Name | (a) HVAC (MW) | (b) HVDC Link (MW) | (c) HVDC & SVC (MW) |
---|---|---|---|
Aggeneys–Kokerboom | 45.3 | 18.7 | 33.7 |
Aggeneys–Harib | 98.2 | 40.6 | 73 |
Angola–Nampower | 1448.3 | 629.5 | 922.8 |
Aries–Kokerboom | 772.6 | 1006.2 | 201.3 |
Arnot–Maputo | 3.7 | 3.4 | 2 |
Bulawayo–Francistown | 29.6 | 29.7 | 60.9 |
Camden–Edwaleni | 0.7 | 0.9 | 0.4 |
Derderport–Dwaalboom | 5.30 | 5.9 | 16.1 |
Edwaleni II–Maputo | 4.00 | 4.3 | 2 |
Gaborone–Spitskop 132 kV | 2.80 | 3.2 | 8.7 |
Gaborone–Spitskop 132 kV | 2.80 | 3.2 | 8.7 |
Insukamini–Phokoje | 36.5 | 36.5 | 77.2 |
Kariba North–Karia South | 00 | 00 | 0.1 |
Kariba North–Kariba South II | 00 | 00 | 0.1 |
Komatipoort–Corumana | 0.7 | 0.6 | 0.1 |
Komatipoort–Infulene | 3.8 | 2.7 | 0.6 |
Malawi–Mozambique | 76.4 | 78.8 | 185.7 |
Malawi–Zambia | 60.7 | 61.1 | 116.3 |
Normandie–Nhlanganao | 0.1 | 0 | 0 |
Phokoje–Matimba TL | 43.8 | 50.7 | 131.3 |
Songo–Apollo | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.4 |
Songo–Bindura | 20 | 20.3 | 73.1 |
Tweespruit–Maseru | 0.4 | 0.8 | 0.6 |
Tweespruit–Maseru (1) | 0.9 | 0.4 | 0.2 |
HVDC LCC Angola–Nampower | - | 32.1 | 32.1 |
HVDC LCC Aggeneys–Kokerboom | - | 25.2 | 25.2 |
Total |
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Ndlela, N.W.; Davidson, I.E.; Moloi, K. Power Planning for a Reliable Southern African Regional Grid. Energies 2023, 16, 1028. https://doi.org/10.3390/en16031028
Ndlela NW, Davidson IE, Moloi K. Power Planning for a Reliable Southern African Regional Grid. Energies. 2023; 16(3):1028. https://doi.org/10.3390/en16031028
Chicago/Turabian StyleNdlela, Nomihla Wandile, Innocent Ewean Davidson, and Katleho Moloi. 2023. "Power Planning for a Reliable Southern African Regional Grid" Energies 16, no. 3: 1028. https://doi.org/10.3390/en16031028