A Brief Review of Hydrogen Production Methods and Their Challenges
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methodology
3. Hydrogen Production
- Different energy sources can be used to produce hydrogen.
- Since hydrogen is the least polluting, using hydrogen in fuel cells or combustion processes results in the production of water.
- All energy needs may be met by hydrogen, which is also utilised in residential applications, hydrogen fuel cell automobiles, energy carriers, and integrated heating and power generation systems. Hydrogen also covers all requirements for energy
3.1. Blue Hydrogen Production Methods
3.2. Purple Hydrogen Production Method
3.3. Turquoise Hydrogen
3.4. Production of Grey Hydrogen
3.5. Green Hydrogen
4. Challenges in Hydrogen Production Methods
5. Recommendation and Conclusions
- Selection of hydrogen energy for various applications can be useful due to its low emissions or zero emissions released into the environment. Therefore, various methods of hydrogen production and utilization based on their sources of production have been analysed.
- The actual production methods for hydrogen and its related challenges have been discussed in this paper.
- The utilization of hydrogen as a source of energy can be helpful to protect the environment from harmful emissions, which has been the main focus of the manuscript.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parameter | Hydrogen | Diesel | Methane |
---|---|---|---|
Density at STP (kg/m3) | 0.089 | 830.0 | 0.720 |
Volumetric energy at STP (MJ/m3) | 1.07 × 10 | 3.5 × 104 | 3.3 × 10 |
Net Lower Heating value (MJ/kg) | 119.9 | 42.5 | 45.8 |
Boiling point (K) | 20.0 | 453–633 | 111.0 |
Auto-ignition temperature (K) | 853 | ~523 | 813 |
Minimum ignition energy in air at 1 bar & stoichiometry (mJ) | 0.020 | 0.240 | 0.290 |
Stoichiometry air/fuel mass ratio | 34.4 | 14.5 | 17.2 |
Quenching distance at NTP (mm) | 0.64 | - | 2.1 |
Laminar flame speed in air at NTP (m/s) | 1.85 | 0.37–0.43 | 0.38 |
Diffusion coefficient in air at STP (m2/s) | 85 × 10−7 | - | 19 × 10−7 |
Flammability limits in air (% vol) | 4–76 | 0.6–5.5 | 5.3–15 |
Adiabatic flame temperature at NTP (K) | 2480 | ~2300 | 2214 |
Literature | Significance | Approach | Remarks |
---|---|---|---|
[78] | Solar powered hydrogen production | Thermodynamic and sustainable aspect | Environmental impact of solar-based hydrogen production |
[79,80] | Water electrolysis-based hydrogen production | Thermodynamic aspect | Proton exchange-based electrolysis for hydrogen production |
[81,82,83] | Analysis and assessment of solar energy powered natural gas reforming system | Cost assessment carbon emission analysis | improved energy and energy efficiencies |
[84,85,86] | Geothermal energy-based hydrogen production | Thermodynamic modelling | geothermal heat is used to preheat the water and the high-temperature water is used in the electrolyser. It improves the system efficiency |
[11,87,88] | Production of hydrogen at hydropower plants | Thermodynamic aspect | The hydrogen production efficiency improves |
[89,90,91] | Production of hydrogen from renewable resources | Comparative assessment of renewable energy resources | hydrogen was found to be produced at high pressure, employing small amount of consumption of energy |
[92,93,94,95] | biomass gasification-based hydrogen production | biomass gasification-based hydrogen production | The proposed biomass gasification study offered improvement in efficiency |
[91,96,97] | Analysis and assessment of geothermal energy | Energy and exergy assessment along with study on specific energy consumption | Geothermal energy-powered clean hydrogen liquefaction process |
[98,99] | future hydrogen infrastructure | Hydrogen infrastructure | energy security issues posed by current fuels are discussed and technical, societal, economic and infrastructure challenges in adopting new technology are analysed in detail |
[100,101] | Future hydrogen markets for production and industry | Hydrogen Production | In the initial phase, low-cost, long-term storage and better-quality refuelling station utilization makes the best impression |
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© 2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
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Dash, S.K.; Chakraborty, S.; Elangovan, D. A Brief Review of Hydrogen Production Methods and Their Challenges. Energies 2023, 16, 1141. https://doi.org/10.3390/en16031141
Dash SK, Chakraborty S, Elangovan D. A Brief Review of Hydrogen Production Methods and Their Challenges. Energies. 2023; 16(3):1141. https://doi.org/10.3390/en16031141
Chicago/Turabian StyleDash, Santanu Kumar, Suprava Chakraborty, and Devaraj Elangovan. 2023. "A Brief Review of Hydrogen Production Methods and Their Challenges" Energies 16, no. 3: 1141. https://doi.org/10.3390/en16031141