Investigation of High-Efficiency and Stable Carbon-Perovskite/Silicon and Carbon-Perovskite/CIGS-GeTe Tandem Solar Cells
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. The Top Cell
2.2. The Bottom Cells
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. CPSC/Si Tandem Solar Cell
3.2. CPSC/CIGS-GeTe Tandem Solar Cell
3.3. Temperature Impact on the Performance of CPSC Tandem Solar Cells
3.4. Comparison with the Recent Published Results
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Zekry, A. A road map for transformation from conventional to photovoltaic energy generation and its challenges. J. King Saud Univ. Eng. Sci. 2020, 32, 407–410. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zekry, A.; Shaker, A.; Salem, M. Solar Cells and Arrays: Principles, Analysis, and Design. Adv. Renew. Energ. Power Technol. 2018, 1, 3–56. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gao, P.; Grätzel, M.; Grätzel, G.; Nazeeruddin, M.K. Organohalide lead perovskites for photovoltaic applications. Energy Environ. Sci. 2014, 7, 2448–2463. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Li, X.; Yang, J.; Jiang, Q.; Chu, W.; Zhang, D.; Zhou, Z.; Xin, J. Synergistic Effect to High-Performance Perovskite Solar Cells with Reduced Hysteresis and Improved Stability by the Introduction of Na-Treated TiO2 and Spraying-Deposited CuI as Transport Layers. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2017, 9, 41354–41362. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Green, M.A.; Ho-Baillie, A.; Snaith, H.J. The emergence of perovskite solar cells. Nat. Photonics 2014, 8, 506–514. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lee, Y.H.; Luo, J.; Son, M.-K.; Gao, P.; Cho, K.T.; Seo, J.; Zakeeruddin, S.M.; Grätzel, M.; Nazeeruddin, M.K. Enhanced Charge Collection with Passivation Layers in Perovskite Solar Cells. Adv. Mater. 2016, 28, 3966–3972. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kojima, A.; Teshima, K.; Shirai, Y.; Miyasaka, T. Organometal halide perovskites as visible-light sensitizers for photovoltaic cells. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2009, 131, 6050–6051. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yang, W.S.; Park, B.-W.; Jung, E.H.; Jeon, N.J.; Kim, Y.C.; Lee, D.U.; Shin, S.S.; Seo, J.; Kim, E.K.; Noh, J.H.; et al. Iodide management in formamidinium-lead-halide-based perovskite layers for efficient solar cells. Science 2017, 356, 1376–1379. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Salah, M.M.; Abouelatta, M.; Shaker, A.; Hassan, K.M.; Saeed, A. A comprehensive simulation study of hybrid halide perovskite solar cell with copper oxide as HTM. Semicond. Sci. Technol. 2019, 34, 115009. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mousa, M.; Salah, M.M.; Zekry, A.; Abouelatta, M.; Shaker, A.; Amer, F.Z.; Mubarak, R.I.; Saeed, A. Simulation of High open-circuit voltage Perovskite/CIGS-GeTe tandem cell. In Proceedings of the 2022 IEEE 49th Photovoltaics Specialists Conference (PVSC), Philadelphia, PA, USA, 5–10 June 2022; pp. 1230–1234. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Xing, G.; Mathews, N.; Sun, S.; Lim, S.S.; Lam, Y.M.; Grätzel, M.; Mhaisalkar, S.; Sum, T.C. Long-range balanced electron-and hole-transport lengths in organic-inorganic CH3NH3PbI3. Science 2013, 342, 344–347. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Laban, W.A.; Etgar, L. Depleted hole conductor-free lead halide iodide heterojunction solar cells. Energy Environ. Sci. 2013, 6, 3249–3253. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Etgar, L. Semiconductor Nanocrystals as Light Harvesters in Solar Cells. Materials 2013, 6, 445–459. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kuang, C.; Tang, G.; Jiu, T.; Yang, H.; Liu, H.; Li, B.; Luo, W.; Li, X.; Zhang, W.; Lu, F.; et al. Highly Efficient Electron Transport Obtained by Doping PCBM with Graphdiyne in Planar-Heterojunction Perovskite Solar Cells. Nano Lett. 2015, 15, 2756–2762. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Xiao, J.; Shi, J.; Liu, H.; Xu, Y.; Lv, S.; Luo, Y.; Li, D.; Meng, Q.; Li, Y. Efficient CH3NH3PbI3 Perovskite Solar Cells Based on Graphdiyne (GD)-Modified P3HT Hole-Transporting Material. Adv. Energy Mater. 2015, 5, 1401943. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ku, Z.; Rong, Y.; Xu, M.; Liu, T.; Han, H. Full Printable Processed Mesoscopic CH3NH3PbI3/TiO2 Heterojunction Solar Cells with Carbon Counter Electrode. Sci. Rep. 2013, 3, 3132. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mei, A.; Li, X.; Liu, L.; Ku, Z.; Liu, T.; Rong, Y.; Xu, M.; Hu, M.; Chen, J.; Yang, Y.; et al. A hole-conductor-free, fully printable mesoscopic perovskite solar cell with high stability. Science 2014, 345, 295–298. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Chen, H.; Wei, Z.; He, H.; Zheng, X.; Wong, K.S.; Yang, S. Solvent Engineering Boosts the Efficiency of Paintable Carbon-Based Perovskite Solar Cells to Beyond 14%. Adv. Energy Mater. 2016, 6, 1502087. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Meng, X.; Zhou, J.; Hou, J.; Tao, X.; Cheung, S.H.; So, S.K.; Yang, S. Versatility of Carbon Enables All Carbon Based Perovskite Solar Cells to Achieve High Efficiency and High Stability. Adv. Mater. 2018, 30, 1706975. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Xiao, Y.; Wang, C.; Kondamareddy, K.K.; Liu, P.; Qi, F.; Zhang, H.; Guo, S.; Zhao, X.-Z. Enhancing the performance of hole-conductor free carbon-based perovskite solar cells through rutile-phase passivation of anatase TiO2 scaffold. J. Power Sources 2019, 422, 138–144. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chen, R.; Feng, Y.; Zhang, C.; Wang, M.; Jing, L.; Ma, C.; Bian, J.; Shi, Y. Carbon-based HTL-free modular perovskite solar cells with improved contact at perovskite/carbon interfaces. J. Mater. Chem. C. Mater. 2020, 8, 9262–9270. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mousa, M.; Amer, F.Z.; Mubarak, R.I.; Saeed, A. Simulation of Optimized High-Current Tandem Solar-Cells with Efficiency Beyond 41%. IEEE Access 2021, 9, 49724–49737. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Shockley, W.; Queisser, H.J. Detailed Balance Limit of Efficiency of p-n Junction Solar Cells. J. Appl. Phys. 2004, 32, 510. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- De Vos, A. Detailed balance limit of the efficiency of tandem solar cells. J. Phys. D. Appl. Phys. 1980, 13, 839. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Salah, M.M.; Zekry, A.; Shaker, A.; Abouelatta, M.; Mousa, M.; Saeed, A. Investigation of Electron Transport Material-Free Perovskite/CIGS Tandem Solar Cell. Energies 2022, 15, 6326. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Abdelaziz, W.; Zekry, A.; Shaker, A.; Abouelatta, M. Numerical study of organic graded bulk heterojunction solar cell using SCAPS simulation. Sol. Energy 2020, 211, 375–382. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Burgelman, M.; Decock, K.; Khelifi, S.; Abass, A. Advanced electrical simulation of thin film solar cells. Thin Solid Film. 2013, 535, 296–301. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Haddout, A.; Raidou, A.; Fahoume, M. Influence of the layer parameters on the performance of the CdTe solar cells. Optoelectron. Lett. 2018, 14, 98–103. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ishikawa, R.; Watanabe, S.; Yamazaki, S.; Oya, T.; Tsuboi, N. Perovskite/graphene solar cells without a hole-transport layer. ACS Appl. Energy Mater. 2019, 2, 171–175. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Basyoni, M.S.S.; Salah, M.M.; Mousa, M.; Shaker, A.; Zekry, A.; Abouelatta, M.; Alshammari, M.T.; Al-Dhlan, K.A.; Gontrand, C. On the Investigation of Interface Defects of Solar Cells: Lead-Based vs Lead-Free Perovskite. IEEE Access 2021, 9, 130221–130232. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Scharfetter, D.L.; Gummel, H.K. Large-Signal Analysis of a Silicon Read Diode Oscillator. IEEE Trans. Electron Devices 1969, 16, 64–77. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gummel, H.K. A Self-Consistent Iterative Scheme for One-Dimensional Steady State Transistor Calculations. IEEE Trans. Electron Devices 1964, 11, 455–465. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Boumaour, M.; Sali, S.; Kermadi, S.; Zougar, L.; Bahfir, A.; Chaieb, Z. High efficiency silicon solar cells with back ZnTe layer hosting IPV effect: A numerical case study. J. Taibah Univ. Sci. 2019, 13, 696–703. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kim, K.; Gwak, J.; Ahn, S.K.; Eo, Y.-J.; Park, J.H.; Cho, J.-S.; Kang, M.G.; Song, H.-E.; Yun, J.H. Simulations of chalcopyrite/c-Si tandem cells using SCAPS-1D. Sol. Energy 2017, 145, 52–58. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mandadapu, U.; Vedanayakam, S.V.; Thyagarajan, K. Simulation and Analysis of Lead based Perovskite Solar Cell using SCAPS-1D. Indian J. Sci. Technol. 2017, 10, 1–8. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Burgelman, M.; Decock, K.; Niemegeers, A.; Verschraegen, J.; Degrave, S. SCAPS Manual; University of Gent: Gent, Belgium, 2021. [Google Scholar]
- Salah, M.M.; Hassan, K.M.; Abouelatta, M.; Shaker, A. A comparative study of different ETMs in perovskite solar cell with inorganic copper iodide as HTM. Optik 2019, 178, 958–963. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Noman, M.A.A.; Abden, M.J.; Islam, M.A. Germanium Telluride Absorber Layer, A proposal for Low Illumination Photovoltaic Application Using AMPS 1D. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Computer, Communication, Chemical, Material and Electronic Engineering, IC4ME2 2018, Rajshahi, Bangladesh, 8–9 February 2018. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gloeckler, M. Device Physics of Cu(In,Ga)Se2 Thin-Film Solar Cells…” 2015. Available online: https://www.yumpu.com/en/document/view/50809695/device-physics-of-cuingase2-thin-film-solar-cells (accessed on 18 September 2022).
- Asaduzzaman, M.; Hasan, M.; Bahar, A.N. An investigation into the effects of band gap and doping concentration on Cu(In,Ga)Se2 solar cell efficiency. Springerplus 2016, 5, 1–8. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Xu, J.; Fang, M.; Chen, J.; Zhang, B.; Yao, J.; Dai, S. ZnO-Assisted Growth of CH3NH3PbI3- xClx Film and Efficient Planar Perovskite Solar Cells with a TiO2/ZnO/C60 Electron Transport Trilayer. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2018, 10, 20578–20590. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chae, J.; Dong, Q.; Huang, J.; Centrone, A. Chloride Incorporation Process in CH3NH3PbI3-xClx Perovskites via Nanoscale Bandgap Maps. Nano Lett. 2015, 15, 8114–8121. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Abdelaziz, S.; Zekry, A.; Shaker, A.; Abouelatta, M. Investigating the performance of formamidinium tin-based perovskite solar cell by SCAPS device simulation. Opt. Mater. 2020, 101, 109738. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Samiee, M.; Konduri, S.; Ganapathy, B.; Kottokkaran, R.; Abbas, H.A.; Kitahara, A.; Joshi, P.; Zhang, L.; Noack, M.; Dalal, V. Defect density and dielectric constant in perovskite solar cells. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2014, 105, 153502. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chandramohan, R.; Sanjeeviraja, C.; Mahalingam, T. Preparation of zinc selenide thin films by electrodeposition technique for solar cell applications. Phys. Status Solidi A Appl Res. 1997, 163, R11–R12. [Google Scholar]
- Naval, V.; Smith, C.; Ryzhikov, V.; Naydenov, S.; Alves, F.; Karunasiri, G. Zinc Selenide-Based Schottky Barrier Detectors for Ultraviolet-A and Ultraviolet-B Detection. Adv. Optoelectron. 2010, 2010, 1–5. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mousa, M.; Salah, M.M.; Amer, F.Z.; Saeed, A.; Mubarak, R.I. High Efficiency Tandem Perovskite/CIGS Solar Cell. In Proceedings of the 2020 2nd International Conference on Smart Power and Internet Energy Systems, SPIES 2020, Bangkok, Thailand, 15–18 September 2020; pp. 224–227. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Du, H.-J.; Wang, W.-C.; Gu, Y.-F. Simulation design of P–I–N-type all-perovskite solar cells with high efficiency. Chin. Phys. B 2017, 26, 028803. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Karimi, E.; Ghorashi, S.M.B. Investigation of the influence of different hole-transporting materials on the performance of perovskite solar cells. Optik 2017, 130, 650–658. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Adachi, S.; Taguchi, T. Optical properties of ZnSe. Phys. Rev. B 1991, 43, 9569. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bansal, S.; Aryal, P. Evaluation of new materials for electron and hole transport layers in perovskite-based solar cells through SCAPS-1D simulations. In Proceedings of the Conference Record of the IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference, Portland, OR, USA, 5–10 June 2016; Volume 2016, pp. 747–750. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Madelung, O. Semiconductors: Data Handbook; Springer: Berlin/Heidelberg, Germany, 2004. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hossain, M.I.; Alharbi, F.H.; Tabet, N. Copper oxide as inorganic hole transport material for lead halide perovskite based solar cells. Sol. Energy 2015, 120, 370–380. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tajima, S.; Itoh, T.; Hazama, H.; Ohishi, K.; Asahi, R. Improvement of the open-circuit voltage of Cu2ZnSnS4 solar cells using a two-layer structure. Appl. Phys. Express 2015, 8, 082302. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hao, L.; Zhang, M.; Ni, M.; Shen, X.; Feng, X. Simulation of a Silicon Heterojunction Solar Cell with a Gradient Doping Emitter Layer. J. Electron. Mater. 2019, 48, 4688–4696. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lin, L.; Li, P.; Jiang, L.; Kang, Z.; Yan, Q.; Xiong, H.; Lien, S.; Zhang, P.; Qiu, Y. Boosting efficiency up to 25% for HTL-free carbon-based perovskite solar cells by gradient doping using SCAPS simulation. Sol. Energy 2021, 215, 328–334. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hwang, I.; Jeong, Y.; Shiratori, Y.; Park, J.; Miyajima, S.; Yoon, I.; Seo, K. Effective Photon Management of Non-Surface-Textured Flexible Thin Crystalline Silicon Solar Cells. Cell. Rep. Phys. Sci. 2020, 1, 100242. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Frohna, K.; Stranks, S.D. Hybrid Perovskites for Device Applications. In Handbook of Organic Materials for Electronic and Photonic Devices; Woodhead Publishing: Sawston, UK, 2019; pp. 211–256. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dziewior, J.; Schmid, W. Auger coefficients for highly doped and highly excited silicon. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2008, 31, 346. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Del Alamo, J.A.; Swanson, R.M. The Physics and Modeling of Heavily Doped Emitters. IEEE Trans. Electron. Devices 1984, 31, 1878–1888. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fossum, J.G.; Mertens, R.P.; Lee, D.S.; Nijs, J.F. Carrier recombination and lifetime in highly doped silicon. Solid State Electron. 1983, 26, 569–576. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Li, J.; Chen, Z.; Zhang, X.; Sun, Y.; Yang, J.; Pei, Y. Electronic origin of the high thermoelectric performance of GeTe among the p-type group IV monotellurides. NPG Asia Mater. 2017, 9, e353. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yeboah, D.; Singh, J. Study of the Contributions of Donor and Acceptor Photoexcitations to Open Circuit Voltage in Bulk Heterojunction Organic Solar Cells. Electronics 2017, 6, 75. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Bisquert, J. The Physics of Solar Cells: Organic-Inorganic Halide Perovskite Photovoltaics. 2018. Available online: https://books.google.com/books/about/The_Physics_of_Solar_Cells.html?id=qXFQDwAAQBAJ (accessed on 12 December 2022).
- Singh, P.; Ravindra, N.M. Temperature dependence of solar cell performance—An analysis. Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 2012, 101, 36–45. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wysocki, J.J.; Rappaport, P. Effect of Temperature on Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conversion. J. Appl. Phys. 2004, 31, 571. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sahli, F.; Kamino, B.A.; Werner, J.; Bräuninger, M.; Paviet-Salomon, B.; Barraud, L.; Monnard, R.; Seif, J.P.; Tomasi, A.; Jeangros, Q.; et al. Improved Optics in Monolithic Perovskite/Silicon Tandem Solar Cells with a Nanocrystalline Silicon Recombination Junction. Adv. Energy Mater. 2018, 8, 1701609. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Werner, J.; Weng, C.H.; Walter, A.; Fesquet, L.; Seif, J.P.; De Wolf, S.; Niesen, B.; Ballif, C. Efficient Monolithic Perovskite/Silicon Tandem Solar Cell with Cell Area >1 cm2. J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 2016, 7, 161–166. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gharibzadeh, S.; Hossain, I.M.; Fassl, P.; Nejand, B.A.; Abzieher, T.; Schultes, M.; Ahlswede, E.; Jackson, P.; Powalla, M.; Schäfer, S.; et al. 2D/3D Heterostructure for Semitransparent Perovskite Solar Cells with Engineered Bandgap Enables Efficiencies Exceeding 25% in Four-Terminal Tandems with Silicon and CIGS. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2020, 30, 1909919. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hutchins, M. HZB Hits 23.26% Efficiency with CIGS-Perovskite Tandem Cell. 2019. Available online: https://www.pv-magazine.com/2019/09/11/hzb-hits-23-26-efficiency-with-cigs-perovskite-tandem-cell/ (accessed on 19 January 2023).
- Bush, K.A.; Manzoor, S.; Frohna, K.; Yu, Z.J.; Raiford, J.A.; Palmstrom, A.F.; Wang, H.-P.; Prasanna, R.; Bent, S.F.; Holman, Z.C.; et al. Minimizing Current and Voltage Losses to Reach 25% Efficient Monolithic Two-Terminal Perovskite-Silicon Tandem Solar Cells. ACS Energy Lett. 2018, 3, 2173–2180. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Symbol | Definition | Unit |
---|---|---|
The power density of the spectrum transferred from the front sub-cell to the rear sub-cell | W/m2 | |
The incident irradiance is AM 1.5G | ||
x | Layer number | |
n | The overall number of layers in a sub-cell | |
α | The absorption coefficient of the material | cm−1 |
d | The layer thickness | cm |
Aα | A pre-factor of 105 | cm−1.eV−1/2 |
Planck’s constant | eV.sec | |
Frequency | Hz | |
The energy gap of the material | eV |
Parameters | Si | CIGS | GeTe [38] | MAPbI3 | TiO2 | CdS | ZnSe | ZnO [39] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Thickness (nm) | 2000 | 2000–3000 | 2000 | Variable | 400 | 400 | 400 | 400 |
Eg (eV) | 1.12 | 1.04–1.67 [40] | 0.8 | 1.5–1.63 [41,42] | 3.2 [43] | 2.4 [44] | 2.81 [45] | 3.3 |
(eV) | 4.05 | 4.5 | 4.8 | 3.9 [35] | 4.1 [18] | 4.18 [44] | 4.09 [46] | 4 |
ɛr | 11.9 | 13.6 [47] | 36 | 6.5 [48] | 9 [49] | 10 [44] | 8.6 [50] | 9 |
Nc (cm−3) | 2.8 × 1019 | 2.2 × 1018 | 1016 | 2.2 × 1018 [37,48,51] | ||||
Nv (cm−3) | 2.65 × 1019 | 1.8 × 1019 | 1017 | 1.8 × 1019 [48] | 1.8 × 1019 [37] | 1.8 × 1019 [51] | ||
vth,n, vth,p (cm/s) | 1 × 107 [4] | |||||||
µe (cm2 V−1s−1) | 1450 | 100 | 100 | 2 [48] | 100 [44] | 400 [52] | 100 | |
µp (cm2 V- s−1) | 500 | 25 | 20 | 2 [48] | 1 [53] | 25 [44] | 110 [52] | 25 |
NA (cm−3) | 2 × 1016 | 1016–1019 | 0 | |||||
ND (cm−3) | 0 | 1 × 1018 | ||||||
Nt (cm−3) | 1014 | 2 × 1015 |
Voc (V) | Jsc (mA/cm2) | FF (%) | PCE (%) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Experimental results | 1.040 | 21.27 | 65.00 | 14.38 |
Simulation | 1.041 | 21.23 | 65.01 | 14.38 |
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. |
© 2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Saeed, A.; Salah, M.M.; Zekry, A.; Mousa, M.; Shaker, A.; Abouelatta, M.; Amer, F.Z.; Mubarak, R.I.; Louis, D.S. Investigation of High-Efficiency and Stable Carbon-Perovskite/Silicon and Carbon-Perovskite/CIGS-GeTe Tandem Solar Cells. Energies 2023, 16, 1676. https://doi.org/10.3390/en16041676
Saeed A, Salah MM, Zekry A, Mousa M, Shaker A, Abouelatta M, Amer FZ, Mubarak RI, Louis DS. Investigation of High-Efficiency and Stable Carbon-Perovskite/Silicon and Carbon-Perovskite/CIGS-GeTe Tandem Solar Cells. Energies. 2023; 16(4):1676. https://doi.org/10.3390/en16041676
Chicago/Turabian StyleSaeed, Ahmed, Mostafa M. Salah, Abdelhalim Zekry, Mohamed Mousa, Ahmed Shaker, Mohamed Abouelatta, Fathy Z. Amer, Roaa I. Mubarak, and Dalia S. Louis. 2023. "Investigation of High-Efficiency and Stable Carbon-Perovskite/Silicon and Carbon-Perovskite/CIGS-GeTe Tandem Solar Cells" Energies 16, no. 4: 1676. https://doi.org/10.3390/en16041676