Study on the Aperture Evolution Law and Seepage Mechanism of 3D Rough Structure Plane under the Shear–Seepage Coupling Test
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experimental Methodology
2.1. Specimen Preparation
2.2. Experimental Set-Up
2.3. Test Procedure
- ♦
- 3D morphology scanning of upper and lower structural planes: before the test, the upper and lower structural planes were scanned to obtain 3D point cloud data.
- ♦
- Fix the sample: the upper and lower structure planes were placed into the upper and lower shear boxes, respectively, and then the shear box was fixed to the center of the equipment.
- ♦
- Apply normal load: a normal force was applied at a speed of 0.1 kN/s to the 3 MPa.
- ♦
- Apply water pressure: water pressure was applied to the set point until the water flow rate reached a steady value.
- ♦
- Apply shear load: a shear load was applied at a speed of 0.5 mm/min.
- ♦
- Test completion: the test ended when the shear displacement reached 10 mm, and the data were saved.
- ♦
- Three-dimensional morphology scanning of upper and lower structural planes: after completing the test, the upper and lower structural plane were scanned to obtain 3D point cloud data.
3. Test Results
3.1. Evolution of Mechanical Properties
3.2. Evolution of Mechanical Parameters
- (1)
- Peak shear stress τp: shear stress value at the maximum point of shear stress vs. shear displacement curve.
- (2)
- Peak shear displacement up: shear displacement value at the maximum point of shear stress vs. shear displacement curve.
- (3)
- Shear stiffness kn: stress gradient corresponding to shear elastic stage.
- (4)
- Peak dilatancy angle θP: maximum value of the dilatancy angles.
- (5)
- Average dilatancy angle θave: average value of dilatancy angles.
- (6)
- Peak flow rate Qp: maximum value of flow rate.
- (7)
- Initial flow rate Q0: corresponding flow rate when the shear displacement is zero.
3.3. Failure Characteristics of the Structural Plane
- (1)
- Average height z3: average height of each point on the structural plane.
- (2)
- Maximum surface elevation difference Sh: vertical distance from the highest point to the lowest point of the structural plane.
- (3)
- Maximum peak height of the surface Sp: distance from the highest point of the structural plane to the datum plane.
- (4)
- Contour area ratio SA: ratio of the developed surface area of the structural plane to the vertical projected area. The calculation is as follows:
- (5)
- Volume V: the volume of the space enclosed by the structural plane and the bottom plane.
- (6)
- Surface area St: surface developed area of the structural plane.
3.4. Evolution of Aperture
3.5. Evolution of Transmissivity
4. The Distribution of Aperture
5. Conclusions
- (1)
- When the seepage water pressure was 0 MPa, the shear stress–shear displacement curve of the structural plane was mainly of the peak type. When P ≠ 0 MPa, the shear stress–shear displacement curve of the structural plane had no softening stage, reflecting strain hardening characteristics. The normal displacement–shear displacement curves of the structural plane exhibited a trend of shear shrinkage first, followed by shear expansion. With an increase in seepage water pressure, the amount of shear expansion increased gradually. The evolution of dilatancy angle can be divided into three stages, and the evolution of discharge can be divided into two stages.
- (2)
- With an increase in seepage water pressure, the peak shear stress decreased by 13.63%, 3.036%, and 0.401%, respectively, and the peak shear displacement of the structural plane increased by 12.248%, 2.496%, and 5.406%, respectively. The shear stiffness decreased gradually by 3.884%, 3.219%, and 22.364%, respectively. The peak shear dilatancy angle and average shear dilatancy angle were both less than zero, and under other seepage water pressures, they were both greater than zero. The initial flow rate and peak flow rate increased with an increase in seepage water pressure.
- (3)
- The section line shape of the structural plane was consistent, the height decreased slightly, and the JRC of the section line decreased, indicating that the roughness of the structural plane decreased and the surface gradually became smooth. The JRC value of the contour and the 3D morphology parameters increased gradually with an increase in seepage water pressure.
- (4)
- With the increase in shear displacement, the contact area, effective aperture, and mean aperture exhibited three stages of change trend, and the transmissivity exhibited two stages of change. When the shear displacement was 0 mm, the aperture of structural plane was very small but not zero. Under the same seepage water pressure, the aperture gradually increased with the increasing shear displacement. Under the same shear displacement, with the increase of seepage water pressure, the aperture gradually increased.
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Mechanical Parameters | ρ (g·cm−3) | σc (MPa) | c (MPa) | φb (°) | E (GPa) | ν |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sandstone | 2.32 | 81.04 | 11.52 | 67.18 | 6.79 | 0.26 |
Similar material | 2.05 | 77.57 | 14.37 | 62.39 | 6.35 | 0.24 |
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Jiao, F.; Xu, J.; Peng, S.; He, M.; Zhang, X. Study on the Aperture Evolution Law and Seepage Mechanism of 3D Rough Structure Plane under the Shear–Seepage Coupling Test. Energies 2023, 16, 2133. https://doi.org/10.3390/en16052133
Jiao F, Xu J, Peng S, He M, Zhang X. Study on the Aperture Evolution Law and Seepage Mechanism of 3D Rough Structure Plane under the Shear–Seepage Coupling Test. Energies. 2023; 16(5):2133. https://doi.org/10.3390/en16052133
Chicago/Turabian StyleJiao, Feng, Jiang Xu, Shoujian Peng, Meixin He, and Xinrui Zhang. 2023. "Study on the Aperture Evolution Law and Seepage Mechanism of 3D Rough Structure Plane under the Shear–Seepage Coupling Test" Energies 16, no. 5: 2133. https://doi.org/10.3390/en16052133
APA StyleJiao, F., Xu, J., Peng, S., He, M., & Zhang, X. (2023). Study on the Aperture Evolution Law and Seepage Mechanism of 3D Rough Structure Plane under the Shear–Seepage Coupling Test. Energies, 16(5), 2133. https://doi.org/10.3390/en16052133