Investigating the Impact of Grid-Tied Photovoltaic System in the Aljouf Region, Saudi Arabia, Using Dynamic Reactive Power Control
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Renewable Energy State of Art in Saudi Arabia
1.2. Impact of PV Integration on Power System Stability
- Detailed system modeling is developed and the impact of the penetration levels of solar PV power plants in the north network region in Saudi Arabia are studied using computer simulation software (PSAT) during normal and transient conditions. The voltage and frequency stability are also evaluated.
- The system components for power system stability and reliability are modeled, which is a complex task due to the dependency of the output power on the intermittent source (solar radiation and other weather parameters), and the availability of a large number of system components such as synchronous generators, regulators, transformers, transmission lines and loads, is developed.
- The compliance of the developed model according to the Saudi Arabia grid code is investigated; the two major compliances checked are the HVRT/LVRT and active and frequency regulation.
- Grid integration studies (load flow, short circuit, and transient stability) are performed for verifying the validity of the provided model.
2. Power System Modeling for Stability Analysis
2.1. SPVGP Dynamic Model
2.2. STATCOM Modeling
3. Saudi Arabia Grid Code (SAGC) Requirements
3.1. Frequency Variations
3.2. Voltage Variations
3.3. Harmonic Distortion
3.4. Voltage Unbalance
3.5. Protection Equipment/Schemes
3.6. Requirements for Generators
3.7. Fault Ride-Through Capability
3.8. Reactive Power Behavior at Sakaka Power Plant
3.9. Reactive Power Supply by Inverter at Night
4. Effect of Weather Conditions
4.1. Effect of Solar Irradiance
4.2. Effect of Module Surface Temperature
4.3. Effect of Humidity
5. Power System Description and Investigation Methodology
6. Simulation Results
6.1. Steady-State Voltage Stability Analysis
6.2. Dynamic Performance Analysis
6.2.1. Interconnection Requirements for Power Quality
6.2.2. Base Case Analysis
6.2.3. Photovoltaic Farms Disconnection
6.2.4. Voltage Dip Fault at Bus 15 without the Connection of SPVGP
6.2.5. Short-Circuit of Network with PV Power Plant
6.2.6. STATCOM Simulation with the Transmission Network during Short-Circuit
6.2.7. Network Short Circuit at the Most-Loaded Bus 3
7. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
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Below Nominal Frequency | Above Nominal Frequency | System Operation Requirements in Time Limits |
---|---|---|
58.8–60.0 | 60.0–60.5 | Continuous |
57.5–58.7 | 60.6–61.5 | For 30 min |
57.0–57.4 | 61.6–62.5 | For 30 s |
Nominal Voltage | Nominal Voltage Range | Range of Voltage for 30 min |
---|---|---|
110 kV | ±5% | ±10% |
115 kV | ±5% | ±10% |
132 kV | ±5% | ±10% |
230 kV | ±5% | ±10% |
380 kV | ±5% | ±10% |
Voltage Level of Network | Time for Fault Clearance |
---|---|
110 kV | 120 ms |
115 kV | 120 ms |
132 kV | 100 ms |
230 kV | 100 ms |
380 kV | 80 ms |
Module Surface Temperature | Data Collected on | Performance Ratio (Year—2020) | Performance Ratio (Year—2021) |
---|---|---|---|
Low | 25 January | 88.30% | 86.02% |
Moderate | 5 April | 80.24% | 75.46% |
High | 28 July | 75.88% | 74.23% |
Voltage Ranges in p.u. | Minimum LVRT Time (s) |
---|---|
V < 0.5 | 1 |
0.5 < V < 0.70 | 10 |
0.7 < V < 0.88 | 20 |
0.88 < V < 1.1 | Infinite |
1.1 < V < 1.2 | 12 |
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Saidi, A.S.; Alsharari, F.; Ahmed, E.M.; Al-Gahtani, S.F.; Irshad, S.M.; Alalwani, S. Investigating the Impact of Grid-Tied Photovoltaic System in the Aljouf Region, Saudi Arabia, Using Dynamic Reactive Power Control. Energies 2023, 16, 2368. https://doi.org/10.3390/en16052368
Saidi AS, Alsharari F, Ahmed EM, Al-Gahtani SF, Irshad SM, Alalwani S. Investigating the Impact of Grid-Tied Photovoltaic System in the Aljouf Region, Saudi Arabia, Using Dynamic Reactive Power Control. Energies. 2023; 16(5):2368. https://doi.org/10.3390/en16052368
Chicago/Turabian StyleSaidi, Abdelaziz Salah, Fahad Alsharari, Emad M. Ahmed, Saad F. Al-Gahtani, Shaik Mohammad Irshad, and Sami Alalwani. 2023. "Investigating the Impact of Grid-Tied Photovoltaic System in the Aljouf Region, Saudi Arabia, Using Dynamic Reactive Power Control" Energies 16, no. 5: 2368. https://doi.org/10.3390/en16052368