Preliminary Study for the Commercialization of a Electrochemical Hydrogen Compressor
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experimental Details
2.1. Experimental Setup
2.2. Electrochemical Cell
3. Theoretical Calculation
- 1.
- When the current density is infinitely large, the electrons flowing into the electrode from the external circuit are immediately consumed, or the electrons lost to the external circuit are replenished at once. The charge on the electrode surface remains nearly constant;
- 2.
- The external current density is very small, almost equal to zero. Since there is sufficient time for the reactants to combine with or release electrons, there is no excess charge on the electrode, and the electrode remains at an equilibrium potential.
- Constants such as the temperature, initial inlet and outlet pressure, current, and voltage are set;
- The hydrogen supply pressure is selected, and an external voltage is applied.
- The time step, time interval, etc., are set;
- The theoretical voltage is calculated using the Nernst and ideal gas equations;
- The hydrogen mass flow rate is determined using the number of electrons calculated as the theoretical voltage;
- The calorific value and thermal conductivity are calculated using the voltage and current;
- The outlet temperature and pressure are determined using the convective heat transfer coefficient, viscosity coefficient, etc.;
- Thereafter, we return to step 4 and perform the calculation;
- After reaching the set time, the calculation results are output according to the calculated time. The calculation results are the actual working voltage, outlet pressure, outlet temperature, mass flow rate, and other changes in each time period.
4. Results and Discussion
4.1. Effect of Residual Air in the Anode Chamber on the System Performance
4.2. Effect of Hydrogen Pressure in Anode Chamber on System Performance
4.3. Comparison between the Three Experimental Setups
4.4. Calculation Results and Analysis
4.5. Variation of Current with Voltage
4.6. Theoretical Efficiency
4.7. Commercial Pressure Standard Calculation
5. Conclusions
- The residual air within the EHC hinders contact between electrodes and hydrogen, thereby deteriorating a reaction kinetic;
- As the current increases, the molar flow rate of hydrogen increases, which increases the hydrogen production rate and reduces the time required to reach the desired compression pressure;
- When the applied voltage is constant, the final compression pressure is proportional to the supply pressure at the anode of the EHC. In addition, increasing the supply pressure shortens the time required to reach the final target compression pressure. It also effectively prevents the reverse penetration of hydrogen gas;
- The SC–SP, DC–SP, and DC–DP configurations were analyzed experimentally and compared at the same applied voltage and supply pressure. The SC–SP device exhibited the best performance and efficiency in this study;
- The cathode pressure, temperature, and polarization curves of the SC–SP device were theoretically calculated, and the results were in good agreement with the experimental results;
- The simulation results revealed that industrial hydrogen tanks require at least 20 h, 4 h, and 24 min to reach commercial pressures of 700–800 bar at applied voltages of 3 V, 30 V, and 300 V, respectively, and that commercial EHCs require at least 30 V to reduce the time needed;
- EHCs have a high compression efficiency of 86% or more.
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Nomenclatures
A | Area, | Pressure at hydrogen outlet, | |
Specific heat, | Q | Heat rate, W | |
d | Diameter, m | Heat generated rate, W | |
e | Electrons | Heat released rate, W | |
F | Faraday constant, 96,500 C/mol | q | Heat flux rate, W/ |
g | Acceleration of gravity | R | Universal gas constant, J/mol K |
h | Heat transfer coefficient, W/ | r | Resistance, Ω |
i | Current density, A/ | T | Static temperature, K |
I | Current | Ambient temperature, K | |
Theoretical amount of compressed hydrogen gas | Outlet temperature, K | ||
Measured amount of compressed hydrogen gas | t | Time, sec | |
K | Thermal conductivity, W/m·K | Power supply voltage, | |
L | Pipe length, m | Initial voltage, | |
m | Mass, kg | V | Volume |
M | Relative molecular mass | Operating voltage, | |
n | Amount of matter | Open-circuit Volume, | |
NA | Avogadro constant | Activation overpotential, | |
P | Static pressure, | Concentration overpotential, | |
Pressure at the hydrogen inlet, | Ohmic overpotential, |
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Yang, R.; Kweon, H.; Kim, K. Preliminary Study for the Commercialization of a Electrochemical Hydrogen Compressor. Energies 2023, 16, 3128. https://doi.org/10.3390/en16073128
Yang R, Kweon H, Kim K. Preliminary Study for the Commercialization of a Electrochemical Hydrogen Compressor. Energies. 2023; 16(7):3128. https://doi.org/10.3390/en16073128
Chicago/Turabian StyleYang, Rui, Hyeokbin Kweon, and Kibum Kim. 2023. "Preliminary Study for the Commercialization of a Electrochemical Hydrogen Compressor" Energies 16, no. 7: 3128. https://doi.org/10.3390/en16073128