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Volume 16
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Review

An Overview of the State of the Art and Challenges in the Use of Gelling and Thickening Agents to Create Stable Thermal Energy Storage Materials

by
Rajendran Prabakaran
1,*,
Palanisamy Dhamodharan
1,
Anbalagan Sathishkumar
2,
Paride Gullo
3,
Muthuraman Ponrajan Vikram
4,
Saravanan Pandiaraj
5,
Abdullah Alodhayb
6,
Ghada A. Khouqeer
7 and
Sung-Chul Kim
1,*
1
School of Mechanical Engineering, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak-Ro, Gyeongsan 712-749, Republic of Korea
2
Department of Mechanical Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur 603203, India
3
Department of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, University of Southern Denmark (SDU), Alsion 2, 6400 Sønderborg, Denmark
4
Institute of Mechanical Engineering, Saveetha School of Engineering, SIMATS, Chennai 602105, India
5
Department of Basic Science and Self-Development Skills, CFY Deanship, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
6
Department of Physics and Astronomy, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
7
Department of Physics, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh 11564, Saudi Arabia
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Energies 2023, 16(8), 3306; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16083306
Submission received: 1 March 2023 / Revised: 28 March 2023 / Accepted: 6 April 2023 / Published: 7 April 2023
(This article belongs to the Section G: Energy and Buildings)
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Abstract

Building cooling and heating, solar-powered energy production, energy recovery, and other energy-consuming industries have all seen an increase in the use of cold/hot latent thermal energy storage (LH-TES). Through energy recovery, LH-TES that uses phase-change materials (PCMs) as a storage medium helps to close the energy supply and demand gap and raises the possibility of energy savings. However, the stability, thermal, physical, and chemical properties of the PCM play a major role in how effectively it can be used. In recent years, adding gelling and thickening agents (GTAs) has gained popularity apart from the nanoparticles (NPs) and nucleating triggers (NTs), particularly for the creation of stable PCMs. Therefore, the current work’s goal is to provide an overview of how GTAs are used in the process of developing reliable PCMs for TES applications. It has been found that using GTAs not only increased stability but also decreased sedimentation, leakage, and the supercooling degree (SCD). It was noted that the addition of a GTA with a weight percentage of 2–15% resulted in excellent stability with a negligible leakage rate and latent heat reduced by 3.6–35% after only 200 cycles. Furthermore, PCMs for solar-thermal and building heating systems in the medium-temperature range (21–61 °C) were mostly studied for their performance with GTAs, but no study for a cool TES application was reported. Most works have studied inorganic PCM components with GTAs, and a few reports are available for paraffin. However, the GTA blending resulted in reduced thermal performance due to a decrease in thermal conductivity, latent heat, and a rise in viscosity. Further, NTs and NPs with small amounts were seeded into the PCM-GTA for eradicating the SCD with enhanced TC and accelerated energy transfer.
Keywords: thermal energy storage; phase-change materials; stability; gelling and thickening agents; nucleating triggers; nanoparticles thermal energy storage; phase-change materials; stability; gelling and thickening agents; nucleating triggers; nanoparticles

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MDPI and ACS Style

Prabakaran, R.; Dhamodharan, P.; Sathishkumar, A.; Gullo, P.; Vikram, M.P.; Pandiaraj, S.; Alodhayb, A.; Khouqeer, G.A.; Kim, S.-C. An Overview of the State of the Art and Challenges in the Use of Gelling and Thickening Agents to Create Stable Thermal Energy Storage Materials. Energies 2023, 16, 3306. https://doi.org/10.3390/en16083306

AMA Style

Prabakaran R, Dhamodharan P, Sathishkumar A, Gullo P, Vikram MP, Pandiaraj S, Alodhayb A, Khouqeer GA, Kim S-C. An Overview of the State of the Art and Challenges in the Use of Gelling and Thickening Agents to Create Stable Thermal Energy Storage Materials. Energies. 2023; 16(8):3306. https://doi.org/10.3390/en16083306

Chicago/Turabian Style

Prabakaran, Rajendran, Palanisamy Dhamodharan, Anbalagan Sathishkumar, Paride Gullo, Muthuraman Ponrajan Vikram, Saravanan Pandiaraj, Abdullah Alodhayb, Ghada A. Khouqeer, and Sung-Chul Kim. 2023. "An Overview of the State of the Art and Challenges in the Use of Gelling and Thickening Agents to Create Stable Thermal Energy Storage Materials" Energies 16, no. 8: 3306. https://doi.org/10.3390/en16083306

APA Style

Prabakaran, R., Dhamodharan, P., Sathishkumar, A., Gullo, P., Vikram, M. P., Pandiaraj, S., Alodhayb, A., Khouqeer, G. A., & Kim, S.-C. (2023). An Overview of the State of the Art and Challenges in the Use of Gelling and Thickening Agents to Create Stable Thermal Energy Storage Materials. Energies, 16(8), 3306. https://doi.org/10.3390/en16083306

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