Ashes Qualified as a Source of Selected Critical Elements (REY, Co, Ga, V)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
3.1. Results of the Granulometric Analysis
3.2. Chemical Composition
3.2.1. Basic Components
3.2.2. Critical Elements
3.3. SEM/EDS
4. Conclusions
- The content of critical elements in ashes from Polish power plants is similar to that of world averages, and in the case of class C ashes, it is exceeded for most REY. It can therefore be assumed that lignite ashes should be given priority in further research on the recovery of rare earth elements from them;
- The content of REY and that of other critical elements in hard coal ashes increases with decreasing particle size. Despite the increase in the concentration of REY in progressively finer grain classes, the value of their world average, in the class below 20 µm, was not exceeded. High enrichment factors relative to Clarke (1.5; 1.9; 2.5) were noted only for three elements not belonging to the group of lanthanides: Co, Ga, and V. Taking into account the economic aspect, in order to recover these elements, it is important that the share of fine grains in the ashes should be high;
- In lignite ashes, high coefficients of enrichment relative to Clarke (2.2; 1.62; 1.87) were obtained in the class below 45 µm for Y, Nd, and Co. As demonstrated in previous studies, better enrichment effects for these elements are obtained by magnetic separation;
- Both the studies of the chemical composition of FA and microscopic observations combined with EDS microanalyses demonstrated a relationship between the concentration of rare earth elements and the presence of aluminosilicates. A strong positive correlation was reported between REY and the Al2O3 content, with r = 0.94. Therefore, it can be assumed that the extraction of REY from the aluminosilicate glass fraction will allow for the recovery of a significant part of these elements present in the ashes;
- The management of FA brings added value both for the environment and the economy. On the one hand, ashes do not have to be stored, so they do not affect the environment. On the other hand, they can be a source of valuable critical raw materials, which are often expensive to produce. Therefore, it is necessary to continue research on the content of critical elements in coal and its combustion products in order to identify the most promising materials for extraction.
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
FA | Fly ashes |
REE | Rare earth elements |
REY | Rare earth elements and yttrium |
LREY | Light group (La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm) |
MREY | Medium group (Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, and Y) |
HREY | Heavy group (Ho, Er, Yb, Lu) |
EDS | Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy |
SEM | Scanning Electron Microscope |
LOI | Loss on ignition |
EF | The enrichment factor |
EFc | The enrichment factor of the component compared to the Clark |
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Sample Number | Fly Ash | Sample Number | Grain Class below 45 μm | Sample Number | Grain Class below 20 μm |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | from hard coal | 145 | ash from hard coal | 120 | ash from hard coal |
3 | 345 | 320 | |||
7 | 745 | 720 | |||
11 | 1145 | - | |||
- | 945 | 920 | |||
6 | from lignite | 645 | ash from lignite | 620 | ash from lignite |
12 | 1245 | - |
Sample | Particle Size Distribution | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | X10.3 = 9.99 µm | X50.3 = 68.14 µm | X90.3 = 288.44 µm | X99.3 = 371.76 µm |
3 | X10.3 = 8.91 µm | X50.3 = 38.66 µm | X90.3 = 163.74 µm | X99.3 = 220.36 µm |
7 | X10.3 = 7.73 µm | X50.3 = 16.84 µm | X90.3 = 60.94 µm | X99.3 = 128.02 µm |
11 | X10.3 = 8.54 µm | X50.3 = 35.37 µm | X90.3 = 138.25 µm | X99.3 = 228.39 µm |
6 | X10.3 = 18.95 µm | X50.3 = 77.01 µm | X90.3 = 283.10 µm | X99.3 = 371.63 µm |
12 | X10.3 = 10.51 µm | X50.3 = 31.53 µm | X90.3 = 100.82 µm | X99.3 = 313.25 µm |
Sample | Grain Class below 45 µm | Grain Class below 20 µm |
---|---|---|
1 | 40 | 25 |
3 | 53 | 36 |
7 | 82 | 60 |
11 | 55 | 36 |
6 | 31 | 11 |
12 | 64 | 32 |
Sample | Chemical Components (%) | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SiO2 | Al2O3 | Fe2O3 | MgO | CaO | Na2O | K2O | TiO2 | P2O5 | MnO | Cr2O3 | LOI | Total | |
1 | 50.03 | 25.37 | 6.58 | 2.5 | 2.95 | 0.95 | 2.93 | 1.05 | 0.53 | 0.07 | 0.021 | 6.6 | 99.58 |
145 | 50.04 | 25.76 | 6.9 | 2.71 | 3.21 | 1.32 | 3.32 | 1.09 | 0.56 | 0.07 | 0.023 | 4.5 | 99.50 |
120 | 49.74 | 27.27 | 6.67 | 2.47 | 3.19 | 1.34 | 3.17 | 1.23 | 0.94 | 0.07 | 0.026 | 3.3 | 99.42 |
3 | 42.05 | 21.2 | 4.34 | 1.84 | 3.04 | 0.6 | 2.3 | 0.92 | 0.43 | 0.05 | 0.020 | 22.8 | 99.59 |
345 | 45.32 | 24.19 | 5.1 | 2.27 | 4.04 | 0.78 | 2.59 | 1.11 | 0.57 | 0.06 | 0.025 | 13.5 | 99.56 |
320 | 47.54 | 27.2 | 4.92 | 2.02 | 3.61 | 0.96 | 2.91 | 1.32 | 0.59 | 0.06 | 0.026 | 8.4 | 99.56 |
7 | 51.64 | 20.69 | 11.27 | 1.69 | 4.39 | 2.17 | 1.99 | 0.92 | 0.22 | 0.05 | 0.026 | 4.3 | 99.36 |
745 | 51.32 | 20.86 | 11.54 | 1.77 | 4.63 | 2.37 | 2.01 | 0.99 | 0.24 | 0.05 | 0.028 | 3.6 | 99.41 |
720 | 50.01 | 21.54 | 12.67 | 2.01 | 4.65 | 2.86 | 2.14 | 1.08 | 0.22 | 0.06 | 0.031 | 1.9 | 99.17 |
6 | 33.02 | 28.98 | 8 | 0.99 | 22.48 | 0.07 | 0.12 | 0.7 | 0.57 | 0.06 | 0.025 | 4.7 | 99.72 |
645 | 22.76 | 24.68 | 12.11 | 1.09 | 28.32 | 0.08 | 0.05 | 0.55 | 0.52 | 0.07 | 0.012 | 2.5 | 92.74 |
620 | 17.46 | 19.84 | 20.94 | 1.03 | 29.49 | 0.09 | 0.06 | 0.46 | 0.41 | 0.08 | 0.016 | 2.1 | 91.98 |
945 | 51.23 | 21.1 | 10.52 | 2.23 | 4.74 | 2.03 | 2.13 | 0.98 | 0.21 | 0.07 | 0.025 | 4.1 | 99.37 |
920 | 49.28 | 23.18 | 10.42 | 2.48 | 4.86 | 2.55 | 2.29 | 1.1 | 0.32 | 0.07 | 0.032 | 2.7 | 99.28 |
11 | 50.37 | 26.28 | 5.44 | 2.6 | 3.54 | 1.08 | 2.84 | 1.09 | 0.46 | 0.07 | 0.023 | 5.8 | 99.59 |
1145 | 50.77 | 26.76 | 4.89 | 2.83 | 4.12 | 1.29 | 2.86 | 1.2 | 0.56 | 0.08 | 0.026 | 4.1 | 99.49 |
12 | 31.68 | 25.39 | 9.19 | 1.27 | 27.03 | 0.06 | 0.14 | 0.91 | 0.44 | 0.06 | 0.028 | 3.4 | 99.60 |
1245 | 28.41 | 24.82 | 11.67 | 1.34 | 29.75 | 0.09 | 0.13 | 0.83 | 0.44 | 0.07 | 0.027 | 2 | 99.58 |
Sample | Element (ppm) | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sc | Be | Co | Ga | Hf | Nb | Sr | Ta | V | W | Sb | Bi | |
1 | 28 | 7 | 39.3 | 33.8 | 5.8 | 21.5 | 621 | 1.6 | 241 | 4.7 | 4 | 0.9 |
145 | 29 | 8 | 48.9 | 47.4 | 5 | 21.1 | 649.3 | 1.5 | 295 | 5.5 | 6.3 | 1.2 |
120 | 32 | 11 | 56.1 | 69.6 | 5.9 | 24.3 | 830.9 | 1.5 | 353 | 7.7 | 9.8 | 1.7 |
3 | 24 | 8 | 30.5 | 30.1 | 4.3 | 17.2 | 476.7 | 1.2 | 196 | 4.8 | 3 | 0.8 |
345 | 29 | 5 | 39.5 | 37.1 | 5.2 | 20.5 | 543.5 | 1.7 | 252 | 5.5 | 5.5 | 0.5 |
320 | 32 | 12 | 52.7 | 48.8 | 4.4 | 23.2 | 677 | 1.9 | 330 | 6.3 | 6.7 | 1.3 |
7 | 29 | 4 | 28.4 | 25.7 | 6.3 | 17.4 | 815 | 1.1 | 344 | 3.5 | 5.9 | 0.5 |
745 | 31 | 7 | 27.8 | 29.3 | 6.2 | 16.7 | 845.5 | 1.1 | 361 | 3.9 | 6.4 | 0.6 |
720 | 31 | 8 | 42.4 | 44 | 7 | 21.5 | 1228.6 | 1.2 | 422 | 8.4 | 8.1 | 0.7 |
6 | 24 | 3 | 30.1 | 27.3 | 4 | 13.7 | 458.1 | 0.9 | 192 | 1.7 | 0.1 | 0.6 |
645 | 22 | 2 | 48.6 | 25.6 | 4.3 | 12.2 | 587.2 | 1 | 244 | 1.3 | 0.3 | 0.9 |
620 | 20 | 2 | 70.4 | 25.1 | 4.3 | 11 | 529.5 | 0.6 | 248 | 3.2 | 0.4 | 1.4 |
945 | 26 | 5 | 31 | 27.8 | 6.3 | 17.7 | 874.7 | 1.2 | 315 | 5.1 | 5.9 | 0.5 |
920 | 30 | 10 | 43.6 | 47.8 | 6.2 | 21 | 1064 | 1.3 | 410 | 7.3 | 9.7 | 0.9 |
11 | 28 | 10 | 37.7 | 35 | 5.6 | 21.3 | 578.4 | 1.7 | 235 | 5.2 | 3.9 | 1.3 |
1145 | 30 | 9 | 41.9 | 44.7 | 6.3 | 23.6 | 657.8 | 1.6 | 268 | 6 | 5.7 | 1.4 |
12 | 27 | 1 | 42 | 34.5 | 5.9 | 22 | 586.1 | 1.5 | 274 | 2.7 | 5.7 | 1.4 |
1245 | 29 | 5 | 46.9 | 32.1 | 5.5 | 18 | 572.9 | 1.2 | 288 | 2.4 | 0.4 | 1.3 |
CVH | 24 ± 1 | 12 ± 1 | 37 ± 2 | 36 ± 1 | 9 ± 0.3 | 22 ± 1 | 730 ± 50 | 2 ± 0.1 | 170 ± 10 | 7.8 ± 0.6 | 7.5 ± 0.6 | 7.5 ± 0.4 |
CVB | 23 ± 1 | 6.7 ± 0.5 | 26 ± 1 | 29 ± 1 | 7.5 ± 0.4 | 18 ± 1 | 740 ± 70 | 1.4 ± 0.1 | 140 ± 10 | 6 ± 1.7 | 5 ± 0.4 | 4.3 ± 0.8 |
Sample | Element [ppm] | |||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Y | La | Ce | Pr | Nd | Sm | Eu | Gd | Tb | Dy | Ho | Er | Tm | Yb | Lu | ∑ REY | |
1 | 49.7 | 62.9 | 123.5 | 14.59 | 56.2 | 10.92 | 2.33 | 9.82 | 1.47 | 8.69 | 1.72 | 4.82 | 0.72 | 4.55 | 0.71 | 353 |
145 | 49.9 | 58 | 109.7 | 13.87 | 53 | 10.86 | 2.36 | 10.16 | 1.49 | 8.78 | 1.72 | 4.99 | 0.71 | 4.64 | 0.72 | 331 |
120 | 56 | 67.7 | 125 | 15.69 | 60.4 | 12.16 | 2.67 | 11.33 | 1.73 | 9.6 | 1.94 | 5.65 | 0.8 | 5 | 0.76 | 376 |
3 | 42 | 48.9 | 93.5 | 12.37 | 46.7 | 9.5 | 1.98 | 8.63 | 1.3 | 7.69 | 1.52 | 4.38 | 0.63 | 4.04 | 0.59 | 284 |
345 | 48.5 | 52.7 | 104.8 | 13.74 | 51.9 | 10.72 | 2.29 | 9.72 | 1.52 | 8.82 | 1.79 | 4.87 | 0.7 | 4.64 | 0.68 | 317 |
320 | 52.7 | 59.7 | 120.1 | 14.75 | 55.1 | 11.14 | 2.57 | 10.74 | 1.66 | 9.51 | 1.88 | 5.73 | 0.79 | 5.11 | 0.78 | 352 |
7 | 47.1 | 44.6 | 85.8 | 11.04 | 42.8 | 8.57 | 1.76 | 8.12 | 1.3 | 8.03 | 1.74 | 4.91 | 0.68 | 4.61 | 0.69 | 272 |
745 | 47.4 | 43.8 | 82.7 | 10.88 | 41.8 | 8.3 | 1.82 | 8.03 | 1.26 | 7.97 | 1.59 | 4.91 | 0.7 | 4.47 | 0.68 | 266 |
720 | 55.6 | 52.3 | 104.4 | 12.23 | 45.7 | 9.44 | 2.258 | 9.74 | 1.54 | 9.14 | 1.91 | 5.54 | 0.8 | 5.16 | 0.79 | 317 |
6 | 81.8 | 93.2 | 168.9 | 22.43 | 86.3 | 16.06 | 3.3 | 15.14 | 2.12 | 12.16 | 2.38 | 6.87 | 0.91 | 5.56 | 0.81 | 518 |
645 | 92.7 | 113.5 | 202.1 | 23.94 | 94.2 | 16.92 | 3.55 | 16.3 | 2.35 | 13.38 | 2.6 | 7.58 | 1 | 6.36 | 0.88 | 597 |
620 | 83 | 95.6 | 174.5 | 21.41 | 81 | 15.11 | 3.24 | 14.39 | 2.1 | 12.71 | 2.47 | 6.8 | 0.9 | 5.53 | 0.86 | 520 |
945 | 47 | 45.5 | 86.3 | 10.82 | 40.5 | 7.89 | 1.75 | 8.1 | 1.25 | 7.47 | 1.56 | 4.67 | 0.65 | 4.28 | 0.65 | 268 |
920 | 52 | 50.4 | 93.9 | 11.76 | 45.1 | 8.72 | 2.04 | 9.08 | 1.4 | 8.32 | 1.83 | 5.13 | 0.76 | 4.76 | 0.77 | 296 |
11 | 48.2 | 61.8 | 122.4 | 14.13 | 53.5 | 10.78 | 2.35 | 9.84 | 1.51 | 8.72 | 1.78 | 5.27 | 0.73 | 4.55 | 0.69 | 346 |
1145 | 53.2 | 65.1 | 126.9 | 14.89 | 58.6 | 11.33 | 2.4 | 10.22 | 1.63 | 9.21 | 1.89 | 5.42 | 0.81 | 4.98 | 0.75 | 367 |
12 | 92.7 | 113.5 | 197 | 24.05 | 90.6 | 17.33 | 3.66 | 16.07 | 2.42 | 13.76 | 2.79 | 7.76 | 1.06 | 6.71 | 1.02 | 590 |
1245 | 97.1 | 113.1 | 202.2 | 25.06 | 96.9 | 18.25 | 3.69 | 17.31 | 2.53 | 14.44 | 2.88 | 8.26 | 1.15 | 6.88 | 1.04 | 611 |
CVH | 57 ± 2 | 76 ± 3 | 140 ± 10 | 26 ± 3 | 75 ± 4 | 14 ± 1 | 2.6 ± 0.1 | 16 ± 1 | 2.1 ±0.1 | 15 ± 1 | 4.8 ± 0.2 | 6.4 ± 0.3 | 2.2 ± 0.1 | 6.9 ± 0.3 | 1.3 ± 0.1 | - |
CVB | 44 ± 3 | 61 ± 3 | 120 ± 10 | 13 ± 2 | 58 ± 5 | 11 ± 1 | 2.3 ± 0.2 | 16 ± 1 | 2 ± 0.1 | 12 ± 1 | 3.1 ± 0.3 | 4.6 ± 0.2 | 1.8 ± 0.3 | 5.5 ± 0.2 | 1.1 ± 0.1 | - |
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Strzałkowska, E. Ashes Qualified as a Source of Selected Critical Elements (REY, Co, Ga, V). Energies 2023, 16, 3331. https://doi.org/10.3390/en16083331
Strzałkowska E. Ashes Qualified as a Source of Selected Critical Elements (REY, Co, Ga, V). Energies. 2023; 16(8):3331. https://doi.org/10.3390/en16083331
Chicago/Turabian StyleStrzałkowska, Ewa. 2023. "Ashes Qualified as a Source of Selected Critical Elements (REY, Co, Ga, V)" Energies 16, no. 8: 3331. https://doi.org/10.3390/en16083331