Micro-Grid Day-Ahead Stochastic Optimal Dispatch Considering Multiple Demand Response and Electric Vehicles
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- 1.
- The impact of different reductions in interruptible load when considering DR in micro-grid optimization has not been analyzed.
- 2.
- DR is more divided into transferable load and interruptible load, but the air conditioning load model and its role in the optimization model are not considered.
- 3.
- EVs are only treated as an adjustable resource in micro-grid optimization, and the travel demand of electric vehicles is not analyzed in depth. Therefore, a micro-grid uncertainty day-ahead optimization model considering multiple DR and EVs is proposed in this paper.
- 1.
- The power output scenes of distributed PV in micro-grid are generated using Latin hypercube sampling by beta distribution, and the scenes are reduced using backward scene reduction method. The comparison shows that stochastic optimization is more appropriate in some cases to deal with the uncertainty of PV output.
- 2.
- An interruptible load model based on incentive-based DR is constructed, and interruptible levels are set for better participation in optimization. Meanwhile, an air conditioning load DR model is constructed and the effect of air conditioning load on optimization results under the power market is analyzed.
- 3.
- The travel demand of EVs and charging and discharging management of individual EVs are included in the optimization model. In addition, the impact of the participation of different categories of electric vehicles in the optimization is evaluated.
2. Multiple Demand Response Models
2.1. Interruptible Load Demand Response Model
2.2. Air Conditioning Load Demand Response
3. Electric Vehicles Optimization Model
4. Micro-Grid Stochastic Optimization Model
4.1. Photovoltaic Power Output Uncertainty Model
4.2. Objective Function
4.3. Related Constraints
5. Simulation Analysis
6. Conclusions
- 1.
- Stochastic optimization deals with the uncertainty of PV output and the use of backward scene reduction method, which can effectively reduce the operating costs of micro-grid. The uncertainty of PV output is handled more realistically using stochastic optimization.
- 2.
- Considering interruptible loads, air conditioning units and EVs in the micro-grid optimization behavior can achieve the reduction of micro-grid operation costs. Moreover, considering EVs alone is more beneficial to reduce micro-grid operating costs than considering DR alone.
- 3.
- EV participation in the optimization needs to focus on the analysis of the travel pattern of EVs, so as to better achieve the aggregation and optimization of EVs.
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Scenes | PV Uncertainty | DR | EVs |
---|---|---|---|
1 | ✗ | ✓ | ✓ |
2 | ✗ | ✓ | ✗ |
3 | ✗ | ✗ | ✓ |
4 | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
Type | Battery Capacity /(kWh) | Energy Requirement /(kW/mile) | Battery Cost/$ | Time of Travel/h | The Driving Distance Corresponding to Each Travel Period/(mile) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
First | 57 | 0.229 | 22,800 | 8,17 | 22,22 |
Second | 24 | 0.228 | 9600 | 9,21 | 11,11 |
Pollution Gas | NOx | CO2 | CO | SO2 |
---|---|---|---|---|
Emission load/(kg/MWh) | 0.6188 | 184.083 | 0.1702 | 0.00093 |
Environmental value/($/kg) | 1 | 0.00288 | 0.125 | 0.75 |
Penalty coefficient/($/kg) | 0.25 | 0.00125 | 0.02 | 0.125 |
Scenes | Total Objective Function/$ | The Costs of DR/USD | The Costs of EVs/USD | Remaining Costs/USD |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 5747.98 | 13,799 | 211.079 | −8262.13 |
2 | 25,391.6 | 13,800.8 | / | 11,590.8 |
3 | 9579.23 | / | 206.551 | 9372.68 |
4 | 5659.03 | 13,660.9 | 210.036 | −8211.91 |
5 | 5695.5892 | 13,697.4327 | 209.0186 | −8210.8621 |
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Li, J.; Yang, M.; Zhang, Y.; Li, J.; Lu, J. Micro-Grid Day-Ahead Stochastic Optimal Dispatch Considering Multiple Demand Response and Electric Vehicles. Energies 2023, 16, 3356. https://doi.org/10.3390/en16083356
Li J, Yang M, Zhang Y, Li J, Lu J. Micro-Grid Day-Ahead Stochastic Optimal Dispatch Considering Multiple Demand Response and Electric Vehicles. Energies. 2023; 16(8):3356. https://doi.org/10.3390/en16083356
Chicago/Turabian StyleLi, Jianying, Minsheng Yang, Yuexing Zhang, Jianqi Li, and Jianquan Lu. 2023. "Micro-Grid Day-Ahead Stochastic Optimal Dispatch Considering Multiple Demand Response and Electric Vehicles" Energies 16, no. 8: 3356. https://doi.org/10.3390/en16083356