Advanced Active and Passive Methods in Residential Energy Efficiency
Abstract
:1. Background
1.1. Decarbonization
1.2. Introduction
2. Active Building Energy Conservation Methods
2.1. Modifications to the Conventional Vapor-Compression Refrigeration Systems
2.2. Advances in Heat-Activated Cooling Systems
2.3. Non-Conventional Systems
2.4. New Refrigerants
2.5. Summary of Active Heating and Cooling Systems for Buildings
2.6. Pros and Cons of Active Energy Conservation Methods
3. Passive Building Energy Conservation Methods
3.1. Shading
3.2. Natural Ventilation
3.3. Windcatcher
3.4. Solar Chimneys
3.5. Window Glazing
3.6. Trombe Walls
- Trombe walls can significantly reduce heating costs (due to Trombe walls ability to capture energy and radiate it for longer periods of time, releasing heat during evening hours).
- Trombe walls provide comfortable heat, radiating heat into the building space and creating a convection cycle).
- The system is a passive energy technique, containing no moving parts and requires no maintenance.
- Trombe walls are based on simple and inexpensive construction.
- Convection heats the room from top to bottom, allowing the entire building source to heat evenly.
- Trombe walls significantly reduce heating bills.
- Even in spaces too large to heat entirely by Trombe walls, Trombe walls cans help supplement oil, gas, or electric heating systems, thereby reducing energy costs and resource consumption.
- Spaces that are not well insulated may not realize the benefits of solar radiation.
- Trombe walls are not very attractive.
- Trombe walls can be a source of heat loss during extended overcast days.
- Trombe walls do not work everywhere, particularly if the sun’s path is blocked by trees, mountains, or other buildings.
3.7. High-Albedo Roofs
3.8. Vegetated Roofs
- reduced volume of stormwater runoff;
- delayed stormwater runoff;
- increased stormwater runoff water quality;
- increased life span of roofing membranes;
- energy conservation and reduced urban heat island effect;
- increased biodiversity and providing habitats for wildlife;
- improved aesthetic value;
- mitigation of air pollution;
- noise reduction;
- insulation benefits; and
- application of LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) credits.
3.9. Summary of Passive Energy Methods
3.10. Pros and Cons of Passive Energy Conservation Methods
4. Summary and Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Technology | Estimated Payback Period | Pros | Cons |
---|---|---|---|
Ground-source heat pumps–vertical ground loop [12,13,14] | 5–10 years |
|
|
Ground-source heat pumps–horizontal ground loop [12,13,14] | 4–9 years |
|
|
Ground-source heat pumps–hybrid [14] | 4–8 years |
|
|
Solar-assisted heat pumps [15,16,17,18] | 2–5 years |
|
|
Absorption refrigeration systems with renewable heat source [19,20,21,22] | 2–3 years |
|
|
Desiccant cooling–solid desiccant [25,26,27] | 3 years |
|
|
Desiccant cooling–liquid desiccant [28,29] | 3–4 years |
|
|
Deep lake water cooling [30,31] | 5–9 years |
|
|
Earth-to-air heat exchangers [32,33] | 1.5–2 years |
|
|
Radiative sky cooling [34,35] | 1.5–4.5 years |
|
|
Technology | Estimated Payback Period | Pros | Cons |
---|---|---|---|
Shading [42,43,44,45,74,75] | 2.0 years |
|
|
Natural Ventilation [5,51] | 2.5 years |
|
|
Windcatcher [52,76] | 6 months–1 year |
|
|
Solar Chimneys [77,78,79,80] | 4.29 years |
|
|
Window Glazing [81,82,83] | 6.0 years |
|
|
Trombe Walls [84,85,86] | 2.56–2.85 years |
|
|
Cool Roofs [58,87,88,89] | 5.7 years |
|
|
Green Roofs [62,63,64,66,67,90,91,92,93] | 6.2–18 years |
|
|
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Taherian, H.; Peters, R.W. Advanced Active and Passive Methods in Residential Energy Efficiency. Energies 2023, 16, 3905. https://doi.org/10.3390/en16093905
Taherian H, Peters RW. Advanced Active and Passive Methods in Residential Energy Efficiency. Energies. 2023; 16(9):3905. https://doi.org/10.3390/en16093905
Chicago/Turabian StyleTaherian, Hessam, and Robert W. Peters. 2023. "Advanced Active and Passive Methods in Residential Energy Efficiency" Energies 16, no. 9: 3905. https://doi.org/10.3390/en16093905