Modeling Snap-Off during Gas–Liquid Flow by Using Lattice Boltzmann Method
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Analysis on Mechanisms and Factors of Snap-Off
2.2. Lattice Boltzmann Method
3. Model Verification
3.1. Verification of Thermodynamic Consistency
3.2. Verification of Interfacial Tension
3.3. Verification of Static Contact Angle
3.4. Characteristics of Corner Liquid Retention
3.5. Grid Independence Test
4. Discussion
4.1. Simulation of Snap-Off Phenomenon
4.2. Influence of Cappillary Number Ca
4.3. Influence of Pore–Throat Length Ratio
4.4. Influence of Pore–Throat Width Ratio
5. Conclusions
- (1)
- The basic reason for the phase interface snap-off is that the liquid phase (wetting phase) retained in displacement gradually flows back over time due to unbalanced pore–throat capillary pressure. However, a large amount of retained liquid is observed in the pore corner and throat wall, which leads to the static criterion based on the assumption of the angular flow, which overestimates the radius of curvature of the bubbles on the right side of the throat and thus underestimates the conditions for the occurrence of the snap-off.
- (2)
- Revealing the influence of displacement pressure (capillary numbers) on gas–liquid two-phase displacement. In the non-gradual pore–throat system, only when displacement pressure is in a certain range, the snap-off will occur. If the upper limit of the capillary number is exceeded, even if the static condition is satisfied, the snap-off will be inhibited. Below this lower boundary, displacement cannot be completed. Meanwhile, the increase in capillary number makes the location of the snap-off move towards the outlet end of the throat.
- (3)
- Revealing the influence law of pore–throat length ratio on gas–liquid two-phase displacement. For the pore–throat system with a fixed width, a sufficiently long throat can promote the occurrence of the snap-off even if it does not meet the pore–throat width ratio (R* ≤ 0.53) for static criterion. The range of displacement pressure for the occurrence of the snap-off expends with the increase in throat length. In addition, there is a critical throat length, so that no matter how the displacement pressure changes, non-snap-off will happen in the throat. For the model in this paper, the critical pore–throat length ratio L* = 0.08.
- (4)
- Revealing the influence law of the pore–throat width ratio on gas–liquid two-phase displacement. For the pore–throat system with a fixed length, the larger the throat width, the smaller the displacement pressure range. There is a critical throat width so that no snap-off occurs in the throat, regardless of the displacement pressure. In this paper, the critical throat width ratio R* = 0.68. And it will underestimate by 28.3% if the static criterion is used to predict the condition of the model.
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Zhang, K.; Ji, Y.; Zhang, T.; Zhao, T. Modeling Snap-Off during Gas–Liquid Flow by Using Lattice Boltzmann Method. Energies 2024, 17, 4062. https://doi.org/10.3390/en17164062
Zhang K, Ji Y, Zhang T, Zhao T. Modeling Snap-Off during Gas–Liquid Flow by Using Lattice Boltzmann Method. Energies. 2024; 17(16):4062. https://doi.org/10.3390/en17164062
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhang, Ke, Yuan Ji, Tao Zhang, and Tianyi Zhao. 2024. "Modeling Snap-Off during Gas–Liquid Flow by Using Lattice Boltzmann Method" Energies 17, no. 16: 4062. https://doi.org/10.3390/en17164062