Analysis of the Restoration of Distribution Substations: A Case Study of the Central–Western Division of Mexico
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methodology
- (a)
- A comprehensive assessment of the existing infrastructure in the central–western division was performed. This included using the FEC inventory to identify all substations, transformers, and circuits within the CWD. Distribution zones were also established, with data collected on the number of users in each zone and their respective energy requirements.
- (b)
- To estimate restoration times for faults occurring in the substations of the general distribution networks (GDN), two primary scenarios were considered:
- Scenario 1: Restoration time following a primary protection operation failure, which makes the power transformer unavailable until it undergoes inspection for faults (transformer failure).
- Scenario 2: Restoration time in the event of a bus failure during the operation of the power transformer’s low-side switch, causing the low-side bus to become unavailable (distribution bus failure). In this scenario, minimizing downtime and promptly restoring service is crucial.
- TNC: This variable considers the number of circuits connected to the power transformer and determines the baseline time required for remote-control testing maneuvers on the de-energized distribution bus, as well as the analysis of current alarms. This average time is derived from the analysis of substation faults over the past five years, categorized into three types as outlined in Table 1. Each type is visually depicted in Figure 1c.
- TCT: This variable considers the topology of each circuit in the network, including the number and type of connections supporting the affected loads. It also incorporates data on the frequency of substation failures over the past five years to calculate the average time required for operators to perform restoration maneuvers. These maneuvers may involve using remote-controlled equipment or manual disconnection tools with assistance from field staff. As a result, this variable is classified into four categories, as detailed in Table 2.
- -
- CCB: This variable accounts for the number of circuits in the power transformer, categorized into three classes (Table 3).
- -
- TS: This variable considers the topology of the substation within the national transmission network (NTN), as detailed in Table 4.
- -
- RTS: This variable assesses the restoration time of each substation, based on the duration of international indicators like SAIDI, categorized as shown in Table 5.
- (c)
- The RTS and IR parameters were applied to all identified substations in the CWD. The data were analyzed and categorized into three groups: substations with transformers experiencing persistent faults, substations where maneuver enhancements were implemented, and substations identified with significant opportunities for integrating remote-controlled technologies.
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Diagnosis of Infrastructure and Demand
3.2. Estimation of Restoration Rate and Time
- 32 CWD substations: These substations frequently experience permanent faults in their distribution lines and require load transfer via medium voltage. They are typically equipped with TAP or radial connection lines.
- 67 CWD substations (IR > 7): These substations must improve their restoration maneuvers to enhance service quality and implement improvement projects to reduce their high restoration index as soon as possible.
- 4 CWD substations: These substations urgently need an analysis to improve their energy supply reliability. Specifically, the implementation of remote linking systems is crucial for achieving more efficient restoration times and rates.
3.3. Concluding Remarks
- Operations handbook: The methodology and management processes outlined in this study can be incorporated into a guidance document aimed at addressing the identified challenges within the FEC framework. This handbook would serve as a repository of procedures based on the proposed improvements. Additionally, establishing a national atlas of restoration times and indices would support the development of a comprehensive national improvement program, organized by division, zone, and substation. This initiative seeks to enhance the overall reliability and efficiency of the electrical distribution network throughout the country.
- Modernization of general distribution networks (GDN): This type of analysis supports improvement plans for enhancing distribution infrastructure by identifying critical needs through priority indices such as substations with the highest IR and the largest number of users. For instance, a simple priority index (PI) could be formulated for each zone with IR values exceeding 8. This index would aggregate the number of substations per zone () and incorporate the percentage of users within the entire division as an absolute value ( + %Zone). The resulting numerical value highlights areas requiring priority attention, with larger values indicating substations serving more users (see Figure 5). The implementation of 145 remote units was carried out according to this structured methodology.
- Improved reliability: An area with adequate infrastructure and stringent maintenance protocols ensures reliable electricity supply conditions for users. Implementing the recommendations from this study could greatly improve the reliability of transmission networks across any region.
- Evaluation and simulator: The FEC operates a simulator that models the functions and components of the entire national electrical system. This simulator plays a crucial role in the ongoing training and skill enhancement of both current and new personnel, and supporting their career development and advancement. This simulator could optimize the management of processes during periods of restoration and could be expanded to incorporate new areas, such as algorithms and data processing for all departments across Mexico. This expansion would include training scenarios aimed at managing supply failures in various regions, substations, and power transformers nationwide. Additionally, it could integrate tools for analyzing the economic and environmental impacts of restoration times, aligning with international standards for the quality of electrical energy services.
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
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Type | Description |
---|---|
A | It is designed for power transformers equipped with 1 to 4 medium voltage circuits, with a designated time frame of 1 min. |
B | It is designed for power transformers equipped with 5 to 6 medium voltage circuits, with a specified duration of 1.5 min. |
C | This applies to power transformers with more than six medium voltage circuits, for which a designated time of 2 min per circuit is allocated. |
Type | Description | Diagram |
---|---|---|
A | It is assumed that the circuit includes at least one remote-controlled connection with a circuit from another substation, with a defined time of 0.5 min allocated for this maneuver. | |
B | It is assumed that the circuit is equipped with at least one remote connection to another circuit within the same substation, with a designated time of 0.75 min allocated for this operation. | |
C | It is assumed that the restoration of circuit load occurs using the low-voltage side bus of the same power transformer, with a specified time of 0.75 min assigned for this maneuver. | |
D | It is assumed that the restoration of the circuit load will be achieved through a manual connection with the assistance of field personnel, with a designated time of 30 min allocated for this operation. |
Type | Description | Qualifying |
---|---|---|
A | Substations with 1 to 4 medium voltage circuits | 1 |
B | Substations with 5 to 6 medium voltage circuits | 2 |
C | Substations with more than 6 medium voltage circuits | 3 |
Type | Description | Qualifying |
---|---|---|
A | Ring substation | 1 |
R | Radial Substation | 2 |
T | Substation in TAP | 3 |
Type | Description | Qualifying | Impact on Indicators |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Recovery time in scenario two < 5 min | 2 | NO |
2 | Recovery time in scenario two = 5 min | 3 | NO |
3 | Recovery time in scenario two > 5 min | 4 | YES |
Zone | Clue | Substations (SUB) | Transformers Power | Circuits | Circuits Average per Bank | Users | % USU DIV | USU/Bank | USU/CTO | Demand (DEM) MW | % DEM Division | DEM/Bank | DEM/CTO |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Zone 1 | Z1 | 21 | 27 | 150 | 6 | 513,258 | 20.5% | 19,010 | 3422 | 226.5 | 19.6% | 8.4 | 1.5 |
Zone 2 | Z2 | 7 | 9 | 55 | 6 | 219,673 | 8.8% | 24,408 | 3994 | 94.5 | 8.2% | 10.5 | 1.7 |
Zone 3 | Z3 | 12 | 15 | 68 | 5 | 254,954 | 10.2% | 16,997 | 3749 | 114.5 | 9.9% | 7.6 | 1.7 |
Zone 4 | Z4 | 15 | 19 | 84 | 4 | 271,904 | 10.9% | 14,311 | 3237 | 155.0 | 13.4% | 8.2 | 1.8 |
Zone 5 | Z5 | 6 | 7 | 31 | 4 | 163,214 | 6.5% | 23,316 | 5265 | 43.7 | 3.8% | 6.2 | 1.4 |
Zone 6 | Z6 | 5 | 7 | 39 | 6 | 105,724 | 4.2% | 15,103 | 2711 | 54.6 | 4.7% | 7.8 | 1.4 |
Zone 7 | Z7 | 14 | 17 | 83 | 5 | 225,091 | 9.0% | 13,241 | 2712 | 136.5 | 11.8% | 8.0 | 1.6 |
Zone 8 | Z8 | 8 | 8 | 45 | 6 | 163,785 | 6.5% | 20,473 | 3640 | 48.3 | 4.2% | 6.0 | 1.1 |
Zone 9 | Z9 | 14 | 17 | 72 | 4 | 168,529 | 6.7% | 9913 | 2341 | 98.7 | 8.5% | 5.8 | 1.4 |
Zone 10 | Z10 | 10 | 13 | 64 | 5 | 162,872 | 6.5% | 12,529 | 2545 | 99.1 | 8.6% | 7.6 | 1.5 |
Zone 11 | Z11 | 4 | 5 | 28 | 6 | 128,210 | 5.1% | 25,642 | 4579 | 41.1 | 3.5% | 8.2 | 1.5 |
Zone 12 | Z12 | 4 | 6 | 32 | 5 | 128,271 | 5.1% | 21,379 | 4008 | 45.3 | 3.9% | 7.6 | 1.4 |
Totals | 120 | 150 | 751 | 5 | 2,505,485 | 100% | 16,703 | 3336 | 1157.6 | 100% | 7.7 | 1.5 |
Topology | Number of Circuits | TPR/Substation (min) | Restoration Index | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Zone | Clue | SUB | Transformers Power | A | R | T | A | B | C | Scenario 1 | Scenario 2 | 1 to 4 | 5 to 7 | 8 to 9 | 10 |
Zone 1 | Z1 | 21 | 27 | 15 | 1 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 17 | 5.0 | 38.6 | 4 | 6 | 14 | 3 |
Zone 2 | Z2 | 7 | 9 | 4 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 6 | 5.3 | 24.8 | 0 | 3 | 6 | 0 |
Zone 3 | Z3 | 12 | 15 | 10 | 0 | 2 | 8 | 1 | 6 | 4.0 | 13.7 | 6 | 4 | 5 | 0 |
Zone 4 | Z4 | 15 | 19 | 11 | 2 | 2 | 8 | 4 | 7 | 4.1 | 19.5 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 1 |
Zone 5 | Z5 | 6 | 7 | 5 | 0 | 1 | 4 | 2 | 1 | 3.9 | 3.9 | 3 | 3 | 1 | 0 |
Zone 6 | Z6 | 5 | 7 | 4 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 5 | 5.3 | 26.2 | 1 | 1 | 5 | 0 |
Zone 7 | Z7 | 14 | 17 | 10 | 0 | 3 | 6 | 2 | 9 | 4.3 | 18.1 | 4 | 5 | 8 | 0 |
Zone 8 | Z8 | 8 | 8 | 5 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 4 | 4.8 | 8.5 | 1 | 3 | 4 | 0 |
Zone 9 | Z9 | 14 | 17 | 9 | 5 | 0 | 10 | 2 | 5 | 3.8 | 14.1 | 6 | 8 | 3 | 0 |
Zone 10 | Z10 | 10 | 13 | 8 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 0 | 7 | 4.7 | 40.7 | 4 | 2 | 7 | 0 |
Zone 11 | Z11 | 4 | 5 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 5.2 | 5.2 | 0 | 3 | 2 | 0 |
Zone 12 | Z12 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 2 | 4.8 | 4.8 | 1 | 3 | 2 | 0 |
Division | 120 | 150 | 88 | 14 | 18 | 56 | 23 | 71 | 4.6 | 18.2 | 36 | 47 | 63 | 4 | |
Total | 120 | 150 | 67 |
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Sánchez-Ixta, C.; Vázquez-Abarca, J.R.; López-Sosa, L.B.; Golpour, I. Analysis of the Restoration of Distribution Substations: A Case Study of the Central–Western Division of Mexico. Energies 2024, 17, 4154. https://doi.org/10.3390/en17164154
Sánchez-Ixta C, Vázquez-Abarca JR, López-Sosa LB, Golpour I. Analysis of the Restoration of Distribution Substations: A Case Study of the Central–Western Division of Mexico. Energies. 2024; 17(16):4154. https://doi.org/10.3390/en17164154
Chicago/Turabian StyleSánchez-Ixta, Carlos, Juan Rodrigo Vázquez-Abarca, Luis Bernardo López-Sosa, and Iman Golpour. 2024. "Analysis of the Restoration of Distribution Substations: A Case Study of the Central–Western Division of Mexico" Energies 17, no. 16: 4154. https://doi.org/10.3390/en17164154