Evaluating the Impact of Using HEFA Fuel on the Particulate Matter Emissions from a Turbine Engine
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Fuels, Test Engine, and Operating Schedule
2.2. Apparatus and Procedures
2.3. Data Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Particle Number and Mass Emission Indices
3.2. Particle Size Distribution
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
- HEFA fuel significantly reduced particle emissions from the jet engine; a 5% share of SAF in a blend with aviation kerosene yielded distinct positive effects on both the number and mass of particles.
- Future research directions should focus on exploring the relationships between physicochemical parameters and exhaust emission. This exploration can facilitate the optimization of SAF production with a focus on minimizing exhaust emissions.
- The empirical data collected during SAF experiments can be utilized to develop analytical models for estimating the volatile fraction of particulate matter emissions.
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parameter | Value |
---|---|
Maximum thrust | 255 daN |
Specific fuel consumption (for maximum thrust) | 12.4 g/kN·s |
Bypass ratio | 7.6 |
Weight | 85 kg |
Lifetime | 3600 h |
Fuel Type | Average Sample Gas Temperature (°C) ± 0.1 | Fuel Flow Rate (kg/h) ± 1.5 kg | Tested Percent Rated Thrust Settings (%) ± 2% Value |
---|---|---|---|
Jet A-1 | 15.4 | 26, 31, 35, 40, 55, 70, 89, 118 | 10, 13, 20, 26, 40, 56, 72, 97 |
HEFA 5% | 15.8 | 26, 31, 35, 40, 55, 70, 89, 118 | 10, 13, 20, 26, 40, 56, 72, 97 |
HEFA 20% | 16.0 | 26, 31, 35, 40, 55, 70, 89, 118 | 10, 13, 20, 26, 40, 56, 72, 97 |
HEFA 20% | 15.8 | 26, 31, 35, 40, 55, 70, 89, 118 | 10, 13, 20, 26, 40, 56, 72, 97 |
HEFA 30% | 15.9 | 26, 31, 35, 40, 55, 70, 89, 118 | 10, 13, 20, 26, 40, 56, 72, 97 |
HEFA 30% | 16.0 | 26, 31, 35, 40, 55, 70, 89, 118 | 10, 13, 20, 26, 40, 56, 72, 97 |
Fuel Type | Thrust (%) | Median | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
10 | 15 | 20 | 25 | 40 | 55 | 70 | 100 | ||
HEFA 5% | −0.396 | −0.364 | −0.292 | −0.338 | −0.341 | −0.322 | −0.384 | −0.410 | −0.352 |
HEFA 20% | −0.648 | −0.570 | −0.691 | −0.592 | −0.581 | −0.630 | −0.612 | −0.635 | −0.621 |
HEFA 30% | −0.946 | −0.927 | −0.958 | −0.924 | −0.923 | −0.950 | −0.922 | −0.917 | −0.926 |
Fuel Type | Thrust (%) | Median | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
10 | 15 | 20 | 25 | 40 | 55 | 70 | 100 | ||
HEFA 5% | −0.323 | −0.306 | −0.249 | −0.312 | −0.300 | −0.283 | −0.391 | −0.417 | −0.309 |
HEFA 20% | −0.602 | −0.540 | −0.651 | −0.576 | −0.544 | −0.569 | −0.585 | −0.596 | −0.580 |
HEFA 30% | −0.775 | −0.727 | −0.795 | −0.741 | −0.763 | −0.731 | −0.767 | −0.750 | −0.757 |
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Jasiński, R.; Przysowa, R. Evaluating the Impact of Using HEFA Fuel on the Particulate Matter Emissions from a Turbine Engine. Energies 2024, 17, 1077. https://doi.org/10.3390/en17051077
Jasiński R, Przysowa R. Evaluating the Impact of Using HEFA Fuel on the Particulate Matter Emissions from a Turbine Engine. Energies. 2024; 17(5):1077. https://doi.org/10.3390/en17051077
Chicago/Turabian StyleJasiński, Remigiusz, and Radosław Przysowa. 2024. "Evaluating the Impact of Using HEFA Fuel on the Particulate Matter Emissions from a Turbine Engine" Energies 17, no. 5: 1077. https://doi.org/10.3390/en17051077