Characteristics of Biodiesel Produced from Crude Palm Oil through Non-Alcohol Synthesis Route Using Dimethyl Carbonate and Immobilized Eco-Enzyme Catalyst
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Experimental Design
2.3. Production Methods and Interesterification of Biodiesel
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Conversion Yield of Biodiesel Interesterification
3.2. Characterization of Yield from Biodiesel Interesterification
3.2.1. Density Measurement
3.2.2. Measurement of Biodiesel Viscosity
3.2.3. Flash-Point Test
3.2.4. Calorific Value Test
3.2.5. Cetane Number Test
3.3. Analysis of Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectroscopy
4. Conclusions
5. Patents
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
CPO | crude palm oil |
DMC | dimethyl carbonate |
FFA | free fatty acid |
FAME | fatty acid methyl ester |
HHV | high heating value |
LHV | low heating value |
CO | coconut oil |
SO | soybean oil |
SVO | straight vegetable oil |
CFO | catfish oil |
ASTM | American Society for Testing and Materials |
EN | European Norm/European Standard |
GC-MS | gas chromatography–mass spectrometry |
Nomenclature | |
CO | carbon monoxide |
CO2 | carbon dioxide |
NOx | nitrogen oxide |
KOH | potassium hydroxide |
NaOH | sodium hydroxide |
MgAl | magnesium aluminide |
K | potassium |
HCl | hydrogen chloride |
H2SO4 | sulfuric acid |
Na | sodium |
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Parameters | Unit | Value |
---|---|---|
Density at 150 °C | kg/m3 | 850–900 |
Viscosity at 400 °C | mm2/s (cSt) | 3.5–5.0 |
Flash Point | °C | 120 |
Cetane Number | min | 51 |
Calorific Value (Gross Specific Energy) | MJ/kg | Max 45.4 |
Sulfur Content | mg/kg | 10.0 |
Carbon Residue | % (m/m) | 0.30 |
Sulfated Ash Content | % (m/m) | 0.01 |
Water Content | mg/kg | 200 |
Total Contamination | mg/kg | 24 |
Oxidative Stability | g/m3 | 25 |
Acid Value | mg KOH/g | 0.50 |
Iodine Value | g I/100 g | 130 |
Linolenic Acid Content | % (m/m) | 0.20 |
Monoglyceride Content | % (m/m) | 0.80 |
Diglyceride Content | % (m/m) | 0.20 |
Free Glycerin | % (m/m) | 0.02 |
Total Glycerin | % (m/m) | 0.25 |
Alkali Metals (Na + K) | mg/kg | 5.0 |
Run | DMC Ratio (Mol) | Reaction Time (Minute) | Temperature (°C) | Catalyst Ratio (%) | Yield (%) | Density (g/mL) | Viscosity (mm2/s) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 2.5 | 45 | 47.5 | 3 | 68.82 | 0.87 | 5.06 |
2 | 2 | 60 | 50 | 4 | 66.35 | 0.87 | 5.47 |
3 | 2.5 | 75 | 47.5 | 5 | 71.63 | 0.87 | 4.63 |
4 | 1.5 | 75 | 47.5 | 5 | 63.76 | 0.88 | 6.34 |
5 | 1.5 | 75 | 47.5 | 3 | 62.68 | 0.88 | 6.80 |
6 | 2 | 60 | 55 | 6 | 66.89 | 0.87 | 5.38 |
7 | 2 | 60 | 55 | 2 | 64.55 | 0.87 | 5.99 |
8 | 2.5 | 45 | 47.5 | 5 | 70.41 | 0.87 | 4.63 |
9 | 1.5 | 45 | 62.5 | 3 | 62.87 | 0.88 | 6.80 |
10 | 1.5 | 75 | 62.5 | 3 | 63.23 | 0.88 | 6.75 |
11 | 2 | 90 | 55 | 4 | 65.83 | 0.87 | 5.47 |
12 | 2 | 60 | 55 | 4 | 66.35 | 0.87 | 5.44 |
13 | 3 | 60 | 55 | 4 | 73.65 | 0.86 | 3.73 |
14 | 2 | 60 | 55 | 4 | 65.83 | 0.87 | 5.48 |
15 | 2 | 60 | 55 | 4 | 65.48 | 0.87 | 5.48 |
16 | 1.5 | 45 | 62.5 | 5 | 63.14 | 0.88 | 6.34 |
17 | 2 | 60 | 55 | 4 | 66.22 | 0.87 | 5.47 |
18 | 1.5 | 75 | 62.5 | 5 | 63.58 | 0.88 | 6.34 |
19 | 2 | 60 | 55 | 4 | 65.48 | 0.87 | 5.48 |
20 | 2 | 60 | 55 | 4 | 66.61 | 0.87 | 5.48 |
21 | 1.5 | 45 | 47.5 | 5 | 62.87 | 0.88 | 6.34 |
22 | 1 | 60 | 55 | 4 | 58.83 | 0.93 | 6.92 |
23 | 2.5 | 45 | 62.5 | 3 | 69.28 | 0.87 | 5.06 |
24 | 2.5 | 75 | 62.5 | 5 | 72.19 | 0.87 | 4.63 |
25 | 1.5 | 45 | 47.5 | 3 | 62.14 | 0.88 | 6.80 |
26 | 2 | 60 | 70 | 4 | 67.21 | 0.87 | 5.47 |
27 | 2.5 | 75 | 47.5 | 3 | 68.46 | 0.87 | 5.06 |
28 | 2 | 30 | 55 | 4 | 66.69 | 0.87 | 5.47 |
29 | 2.5 | 45 | 62.5 | 5 | 71.71 | 0.87 | 4.63 |
30 | 2.5 | 75 | 62.5 | 3 | 68.95 | 0.87 | 5.06 |
European Biodiesel Standard (EN 590) | 0.850–0.900 g/mL | 3.5–5.0 mm2/s (cSt) |
Run | DMC Ratio (Mol) | Reaction Time (Minute) | Temperature (°C) | Catalyst Ratio (%) | Flash Point (°C) | Calorific Value (MJ/kg) | Cetane Number (CN) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
4 | 1.5 | 75 | 47.5 | 5 | 103 | 30.1 | 70.6 |
5 | 1.5 | 75 | 47.5 | 3 | 100 | 29.3 | 76.7 |
6 | 2 | 60 | 55 | 6 | 108 | 27.9 | 79.3 |
7 | 2 | 60 | 55 | 2 | 110 | 28.1 | 80.5 |
12 | 2 | 60 | 55 | 4 | 105 | 29.7 | 82.9 |
8 | 2.5 | 45 | 47.5 | 5 | 106 | 28.1 | 83.3 |
23 | 2.5 | 45 | 62.5 | 3 | 109 | 30.1 | 84.3 |
24 | 2.5 | 75 | 62.5 | 5 | 110 | 30.7 | 84.6 |
13 | 3 | 60 | 55 | 4 | 113 | 34.4 | 86.1 |
European Biodiesel Standard (EN 590) | Min. 120 °C | Max. 45.4 | Min. 51 |
Peak | Retention Time (Minutes) | Area (mg/g) | Compound Name |
---|---|---|---|
1 | 13.014 | 41.45 | Hexadecanoic acid, ethyl ester (CAS) ethyl |
2 | 16.195 | 33.36 | Oleic acid |
3 | 16.460 | 16.13 | Ethyl oleate |
4 | 22.063 | 2.19 | Hexadecanoic acid, 2-hydroxy-1-(hydroxymethyl) |
5 | 24.792 | 2.93 | Oleoyl chloride |
6 | 26.546 | 3.95 | Squalene |
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Balfas, R.N.; Muhammad Syam, A.; Muhammad, M.; Setiawan, A.; Fithra, H. Characteristics of Biodiesel Produced from Crude Palm Oil through Non-Alcohol Synthesis Route Using Dimethyl Carbonate and Immobilized Eco-Enzyme Catalyst. Energies 2024, 17, 1551. https://doi.org/10.3390/en17071551
Balfas RN, Muhammad Syam A, Muhammad M, Setiawan A, Fithra H. Characteristics of Biodiesel Produced from Crude Palm Oil through Non-Alcohol Synthesis Route Using Dimethyl Carbonate and Immobilized Eco-Enzyme Catalyst. Energies. 2024; 17(7):1551. https://doi.org/10.3390/en17071551
Chicago/Turabian StyleBalfas, Reza Nageubri, Azhari Muhammad Syam, Muhammad Muhammad, Adi Setiawan, and Herman Fithra. 2024. "Characteristics of Biodiesel Produced from Crude Palm Oil through Non-Alcohol Synthesis Route Using Dimethyl Carbonate and Immobilized Eco-Enzyme Catalyst" Energies 17, no. 7: 1551. https://doi.org/10.3390/en17071551