Assessing the Potential of Teff Husk for Biochar Production through Slow Pyrolysis: Effect of Pyrolysis Temperature on Biochar Yield
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Experimental Methodology
2.1. Collection and Preparation of Feedstock
2.2. Physicochemical Properties of Teff Husk and Its Product
- c—the concentration of the AgNO3 (V) solutions, (mol/dm3).
- —represents the volume of the AgNO3 (V) solution utilized in the determination process in, [cm3].
- —the volume of the AgNO3 (V) solution utilized to determine the blank sample, [cm3].
- m—mass of titrated sample, [g].
2.3. Pyrolysis Procedure
2.4. Product Analysis
2.4.1. Surface Area Analyses
2.4.2. FTIR Analysis
2.4.3. SEM-EDX Analysis
2.4.4. pH Value
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Characteristics of Feedstock
Analysis | Results | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Teff Husk | Rhodes Grass [44] | Food Waste [45] | Canola Hull [45] | |
Moisture | 8.57 | 7.8 | 8.7 | 7.6 |
BET surface area (m2 g−1) | 8.54 | 1.97 | - | - |
pH | 5.62 | 6.1 | - | - |
Proximate analysis | ||||
Volatile matter | 76.85 | 66.5 | 77.2 | 79.2 |
FC | 8.45 | 11.0 | 5.1 | 4.0 |
Ash | 6.13 | 14.7 | 9.0 | 9.2 |
Ultimate analysis (db. wt.%) | ||||
Carbon | 41.4 | 42.5 | 40.8 | 42.5 |
Hydrogen | 7.8 | 5.5 | 4.1 | 5.1 |
Nitrogen | 2.32 | 1.9 | 3.9 | 2.2 |
Sulfur | 0.06 | 5.3 | 0.2 | 0.6 |
Chlorine | 0.0063 | - | - | - |
Oxygen a | 48.5 | 28.7 | 42.0 | 40.5 |
HHV (MJ/kg) | 15.41 | 17.0 | 17.2 |
3.2. Thermal Decomposition Analysis of Teff Husk
3.3. Produced Biochar Characterization
3.3.1. Thermogravimetric Analysis of Biochar (TGA)
3.3.2. Physicochemical Characterization
3.3.3. Effect of Pyrolysis Temperature and Heating Rate Value (HHV) on Biochar Yield
3.3.4. pH Values
3.3.5. Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) Characterization
3.3.6. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) Analysis
3.3.7. Energy-Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (SEM-EDX) Analysis
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Nomenclature
DTG | Derivative thermogravimetric |
EDX | Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy |
FC | Fixed carbon |
FTIR | Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy |
GHG | Greenhouse gas |
HHV | Higher heating value |
PID | proportional integral derivative |
SEM | Scanning electron microscopy |
TH | Teff husk |
TGA | Thermogravimetric analysis |
VM | Volatile matter |
References
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Characteristics | Feedstocks | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Teff Husk (This Work) | Rhodes Grass [44] | Food Waste [45] | Canola Hull [45] | |||
Pyrolysis temperature (°C) | 400 | 450 | 500 | 340 | 400 | 600 |
Yield of biochar (wt.%) | 43.4 | 38.85 | 36.1 | - | - | - |
BET surface area (m2/g) | 25.70 | 32.65 | 43.2 | 16.78 | 2.18 | - |
pH | 7.65 | 8.02 | 9.52 | 9.70 | 8.3 | 10.9 |
Moisture (wt.%) | 3.4 | 2.10 | 1.32 | 1.80 | 6.70 | 5.65 |
VM (wt.%) | 25.42 | 14.26 | 14.1 | 11.8 | 38.2 | 18.7 |
FC (wt.%) | 46.25 | 52 | 55 | 56.6 | 31.0 | 58.2 |
Ash (wt.%) | 7.25 | 12.78 | 15.6 | 28.8 | 24.1 | 17.4 |
Carbon (wt.%) | 47.21 | 51.96 | 54.7 | 56.7 | 53.5 | 63.5 |
Hydrogen (wt.%) | 3.99 | 3.52 | 2.75 | 2.20 | 4.8 | 4.8 |
Nitrogen (wt.%) | 1.75 | 1.56 | 1.32 | 1.90 | 2.60 | 3.6 |
Sulfur (wt.%) | 0.023 | 0.016 | 0.03 | 1.60 | 0.30 | 25.6 |
Chlorine (wt.%) | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | - | - | - |
Oxygen a | 42.27 | 41.40 | 40.69 | - | - | - |
HHV (MJ/kg) | 22.34 | 21.22 | 22.80 | - | 21.1 | 17.1 |
Wave Number (cm−1) | Wave Number (cm−1) | Group | Class of Compound |
---|---|---|---|
3200–3600 | 3549, 3784 | O–H bonded | Alcohol and phenols |
2852–2960 | 2927 | C–H stretching | Alkane |
1400–1600 | 1436–1595 | C–C stretching | Aromatic |
1300–950 | 1035, 1041, 1112 | C–O stretching O–H bending | Primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols, phenols, esters and ethers |
790–830 | 792 | C–H bending | 1,4-disubstituted |
Element Number | Element Symbol | Element Name | Atomic Conc. | Weight Conc. |
---|---|---|---|---|
6 | C | Carbon | 63.92 | 41.50 |
8 | O | Oxygen | 21.39 | 18.50 |
7 | N | Nitrogen | 5.71 | 4.32 |
15 | P | Phosphorus | 2.50 | 4.18 |
12 | Mg | Magnesium | 2.37 | 3.11 |
79 | Au | Gold | 2.31 | 24.65 |
19 | K | Potassium | 1.68 | 3.55 |
14 | Si | Silicon | 0.13 | 0.19 |
Element Number | Element Symbol | Element Name | Atomic Conc. | Weight Conc. |
---|---|---|---|---|
6 | C | Carbon | 72.22 | 47.45 |
8 | O | Oxygen | 16.41 | 14.36 |
7 | N | Nitrogen | 5.69 | 4.36 |
79 | Au | Gold | 2.63 | 28.33 |
20 | Ca | Calcium | 1.26 | 2.76 |
14 | Si | Silicon | 0.78 | 1.20 |
15 | P | Phosphorus | 0.43 | 0.73 |
13 | Al | Aluminum | 0.32 | 0.48 |
12 | Mg | Magnesium | 0.25 | 0.34 |
26 | Fe | Iron | 0.00 | 0.00 |
Element Number | Element Symbol | Element Name | Atomic Conc. | Weight Conc. |
---|---|---|---|---|
6 | C | Carbon | 87.89 | 53.27 |
8 | O | Oxygen | 4.08 | 3.29 |
79 | Au | Gold | 4.03 | 40.03 |
7 | N | Nitrogen | 3.37 | 2.38 |
14 | Si | Silicon | 0.39 | 0.55 |
19 | K | Potassium | 0.24 | 0.47 |
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Landrat, M.; Abawalo, M.; Pikoń, K.; Fufa, P.A.; Seyid, S. Assessing the Potential of Teff Husk for Biochar Production through Slow Pyrolysis: Effect of Pyrolysis Temperature on Biochar Yield. Energies 2024, 17, 1988. https://doi.org/10.3390/en17091988
Landrat M, Abawalo M, Pikoń K, Fufa PA, Seyid S. Assessing the Potential of Teff Husk for Biochar Production through Slow Pyrolysis: Effect of Pyrolysis Temperature on Biochar Yield. Energies. 2024; 17(9):1988. https://doi.org/10.3390/en17091988
Chicago/Turabian StyleLandrat, Marcin, Mamo Abawalo, Krzysztof Pikoń, Paulos Asefa Fufa, and Semira Seyid. 2024. "Assessing the Potential of Teff Husk for Biochar Production through Slow Pyrolysis: Effect of Pyrolysis Temperature on Biochar Yield" Energies 17, no. 9: 1988. https://doi.org/10.3390/en17091988