Strategies for Lowering Solid Oxide Fuel Cells Operating Temperature
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Effect of Low Operating Temperatures in Fuel Cell Efficiency
1.2. Solid Oxide Fuel Cells
2. The State-of-the-Art Materials for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells
Component | ca. 1965 | ca. 1975 | At Present |
---|---|---|---|
Anode | Porous Pt | Ni/ZrO2 cermet | Ni/ZrO2 cermet (~150 μm thickness) 20%–40% porosity TEC~ 12.5 × 10−6 cm/cm K−1 |
Cathode | Porous Pt | Stabilized ZrO2 impregnated with Pr2O3 and covered with SnO doped In2O3 | Doped LaMnO3 (~2 mm thickness) 30%–40% porosity TEC~ 11 × 10−6 cm/cm K−1 |
Electrolyte | YSZ (~0.5-mm thickness) | YSZ | YSZ (~30–40 μm thickness) TEC~ 10.5 × 10−6 cm/cm K−1 |
Interconnector | Pt | Mn doped cobalt chromite | Doped LaCrO3 (~100 μm thickness) TEC~ 10 × 10−6 cm/cm K−1 |
3. The Relevance of the Temperature for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells
3.1. Thermo-Mechanical Mismatch
3.2. Materials Stability
3.3. Thermal Management and Sulphur Tolerance
3.4. Interconnect Materials (and Bipolar Plates)
4. Reduction of the Operation Temperature: Materials for Intermediate Temperature Solid Oxide Fuel Cells
4.1. Electrolyte Thickness Effect
4.2. Oxide Ion Conductors Limitations
4.3. The Role of the Electrodes
D*/cm2s–1 T = 500 °C | k*/cm·s–1 T = 500 °C | s/Scm–1 T = 500–750 °C | Ref. | |
---|---|---|---|---|
La0.8Sr0.2MnO3–δ | 4.5 × 10–20 | 3.1 × 10–11 | 120–130 | [ 78–80] |
La0.8Sr0.2CoO3–δ | 9.0 × 10–14 | 2.8 × 10–9 | 1,500–1,600 | [ 78,79,81] |
La0.5Sr0.5CoO3–δ | 1.5 × 10–10 | 3.9 × 10–7 | 1,300–1,800 | [ 78,79,81] |
Ba0.5Sr0.5Co0.8Fe0.2O3–δ | 1.2 × 10–7 | 1.1 × 10–6 | 10–55 | [ 82,83] |
La2NiO4+δ* | 3.3 × 10–9 | 7.0 × 10–9 | 55–65 | [ 67,84] |
La2CoO4+δ* | 2.5 × 10–8 | 3.2 × 10–6 | 1–5 | [ 66,85] |
GdBaCo2O5+δ* | 2.8 × 10–10 | 7.5 × 10–8 | 550–925 | [ 74,86] |
PrBaCo2O5+δ* | 3.6 × 10–7 | 6.9 × 10–5 | 400–700 | [ 87] |
*Layered o × ide structures |
5. New Strategies for Operation Temperature Reduction Based on Micro and Nanotechnologies
6. Conclusions
- -
- Reduction of the electrolyte thickness by using new techniques like dense screen printing.
- -
- Development of new electrolyte materials, e.g., LAMOX, BIMEVOX or apatite families, and understanding of mass transport properties, where simulation work could play a main role.
- -
- Development of new anodes based on oxides to substitute classical cermets, e.g., La-SrTiO3 based materials.
- -
- Development of new cathodes presenting layered structures, e.g. La2NiO4+d and GdBaCo2O5+d.
- -
- Adaptation of the fabrication processes for using interconnections based on metals (metal supported SOFC).
- -
- New strategies based on micro- and nano-technolgies (micro-SOFC and nanoionics concepts).
Acknowledgements
References and Notes
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Tarancón, A. Strategies for Lowering Solid Oxide Fuel Cells Operating Temperature. Energies 2009, 2, 1130-1150. https://doi.org/10.3390/en20401130
Tarancón A. Strategies for Lowering Solid Oxide Fuel Cells Operating Temperature. Energies. 2009; 2(4):1130-1150. https://doi.org/10.3390/en20401130
Chicago/Turabian StyleTarancón, Albert. 2009. "Strategies for Lowering Solid Oxide Fuel Cells Operating Temperature" Energies 2, no. 4: 1130-1150. https://doi.org/10.3390/en20401130