Second Generation Ethanol Production from Brewers’ Spent Grain
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Screening of Ethanologenic Microorganisms for Ethanol Production in a Synthetic Medium
Strains | Glucose (g/L) | Ethanol (g/L) |
---|---|---|
40.0 | 0.0 | |
Saccharomyces cerevisiae NRRL Y 12,908 | 0.99 | 10.52 ± 0.02 |
Saccharomyces cerevisiae NRRL YB 2293 | 0.0 | 10.82 ± 0.03 |
Saccharomyces cerevisiae NRRL Y 11,878 | 0.0 | 9.25 ± 0.05 |
Saccharomyces cerevisiae NRRL Y 2034 | 0.0 | 9.56 ± 0.03 |
Zigosaccharomyces rouxi NRRL Y 2547 | 0.0 | 9.01 ± 0.05 |
2.2. Chemical Pretreatment of BSG and Saccharification of the Pretreated BSG by a Cocktail of Commercial Enzymes
Component | Untreated BSG | Pretreated BSG |
---|---|---|
Cellulose | 14.42 | 86.49 |
Hemicellulose | 34.21 | 3.87 |
Lignin | 3.93 | 2.31 |
Others (ash, protein and extractives) | 47.43 | 7.33 |
Waste Type | Waste Pretreatment | Enzymatic Hydrolysis | Yield of Glucose after Enzymatic Hydrolysis | Microorganism Used in Fermentation Step | Ethanol Production | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
BSG | 1.25% (v/v) H2SO4 in a ratio of 1:8 (w/w) at 120 °C for 17 min following by treatement with 2% (v/v) NaOH in a 1:20 (w/w) ratio at 120 °C for 90 min | 2.24% (v/v) cellulase (Novozymes) and 1% (v/v) β-glucosidase (Novozymes), using 8% (w/v) * substrate at 45 °C and 120 rpm for 72 h | 75 g/L glucose corresponding to 97% efficiency of cellulose conversion into glucose | Saccharomyces cerevisiae NRRL YB 2293 | 12.0 g/L ethanol, corresponding to 0.26 g ethanol/g substrate in BSG hydrolysate without adding any nutrients supplementation and 12.79 g/L ethanol, corresponding to 0.28 g ethanol/g in the yeast extract-supplemented BSG | This study |
BSG | 20% (w/v) BSG, pretreated with 0.16 N HNO3 at 121 °C for 15 min, partially neutralized to pH 5–6 with NaOH | Novozymes Biomass sample kit (cocktail of 42.0 (U/g) ** cellulase, 1.5 (U/g) β-glucosidase, 3.0 (U/g) hemicellulase and 2.5 (U/g) xylanase) for 18 h at 50 °C, 130 rpm | 27 g/L glucose, 16.7 g/L xylose and 11.9 g/L arabinose | Pichia stipitis NCYC 1540 and | 8.3 g/L corresponding to ethanol conversion yields of 0.32 g ethanol/g substrate | [18] |
BSG | 12.5% (w/v) BSG, pretreated with 2.5 M NaOH at 121 °C for 30 min, neutralized to pH 5–6 with H2SO4 | 17.0 (U/g) of xylanase and 3.21 (U/g) of endoglucanase from Fusarium oxysporum for 24 h at 30 °C, 1400 rpm | 52 g/L glucose | Fusarium oxysporum F3 | Ethanol conversion yields of 0.065 g ethanol/g substrate | [19] |
BSG | 20% (w/v) BSG, pretreated with 0.16 N HNO3 at 121 °C for 15 min, partially neutralized to pH 5–6 with NaOH | Novozymes Biomass sample kit (cocktail of 42.0 (U/g) cellulase, 1.5 (U/g) β-glucosidase, 3.0 (U/g) hemicellulase and 2.5 (U/g) xylanase) for 18 h at 50 °C, 130 rpm | 27 g/L glucose, 16.7 g/L xylose and 11.9 g/L arabinose | Pichia stipitis NCYC 1540 | 14.8 g/L ethanol | [20] |
BSG | 25% (w/v) BSG, pretreated with 5% (w/v) NaOH at 50 °C for 12 h | 51 Filter Paper Uunit (FPU)/g Cellic®CTec2 (Novozymes) for 24 h | 41.7 g/L glucose and 14.6 xylose | Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain NCYC479 | 17.3 g/L ethanol, corresponding to ca. 81% of theoretical ethanol yield | [21] |
BSG | BSG treated with 7% (w/v) H2SO4 at 96 °C for 3 h | Enzymatic cocktail produced by Fusarium oxysporum F3 under submerged conditions | - | Fusarium oxysporum F3 | 109 g/Kg of substrate, corresponding to 60% of theoretical ethanol yield | [22] |
2.3. Ethanol Production Using BSG Hydrolysate as Fermentation Medium
Medium composition | Glucose Consumption (g/L) | Ethanol (g/L) | YP/S (g/g) a | YP/X (g/g) b | QP (g/L h) c | η (%) d |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
BSG hydrolysate | 45.0 | 12.0 | 0.26 | 2.8 | 0.25 | 51 |
BSG hydrolysate + yeast extract | 45.0 | 12.79 | 0.28 | 1.7 | 0.53 | 55 |
3. Experimental Section
3.1. Microorganisms and Cultivation Conditions for Screening in Synthetic Medium
3.2. Chemical Pretreatment of BSG and Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Pretreated Material
3.3. Inoculum and Fermentation Conditions for Cultivation in BSG Hydrolysate
3.4. Analytical Methods
3.5. Analysis of Fermentative Parameters
4. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Liguori, R.; Soccol, C.R.; Porto de Souza Vandenberghe, L.; Woiciechowski, A.L.; Faraco, V. Second Generation Ethanol Production from Brewers’ Spent Grain. Energies 2015, 8, 2575-2586. https://doi.org/10.3390/en8042575
Liguori R, Soccol CR, Porto de Souza Vandenberghe L, Woiciechowski AL, Faraco V. Second Generation Ethanol Production from Brewers’ Spent Grain. Energies. 2015; 8(4):2575-2586. https://doi.org/10.3390/en8042575
Chicago/Turabian StyleLiguori, Rossana, Carlos Ricardo Soccol, Luciana Porto de Souza Vandenberghe, Adenise Lorenci Woiciechowski, and Vincenza Faraco. 2015. "Second Generation Ethanol Production from Brewers’ Spent Grain" Energies 8, no. 4: 2575-2586. https://doi.org/10.3390/en8042575