Parametric Optimization of Regenerative Organic Rankine Cycle System for Diesel Engine Based on Particle Swarm Optimization
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Exhaust Energy of the Vehicle Diesel Engine
Items | Parameters | Units |
---|---|---|
Displacement | 9.726 | L |
Rated power | 280 | kW |
Maximum torque | 1500 | N·m |
Rated speed | 2200 | r/min |
Stroke | 130 | mm |
Cylinder diameter | 126 | mm |
Compression ratio | 17 | - |
3. Regenerative Organic Rankine Cycle (RORC) System
3.1. Description of the Regenerative Organic Rankine Cycle (RORC) System
3.2. Organic Working Fluid Selection
Working fluids | Components | Composition (mass fraction) | Tcri (K) | Pcri (MPa) | Safety group | GWP (100 Years) | ODP |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
butane | - | - | 425.13 | 3.796 | A3 | 20 | 0.000 |
R124 | - | - | 395.43 | 3.624 | A1 | 620 | 0.026 |
R134a | - | - | 374.21 | 4.059 | A1 | 1370 | 0.000 |
R416A | R124/R134a/butane | 0.395:0.59:0.015 | 380.23 | 3.975 | A1/A1 | 1000 | 0.010 |
3.3. Thermodynamic Modeling of the Regenerative Organic Rankine Cycle (RORC) System
- (1)
- The pressure drop and heat loss in the tubes are neglected;
- (2)
- The evaporating pressure varies from 1.5 MPa to 2.5 MPa;
- (3)
- The intermediate pressure varies from 0.9 MPa to 1.8 MPa;
- (4)
- The degree of superheat varies from 0 K to 10 K;
- (5)
- The isentropic efficiency of the expander is set to 0.85;
- (6)
- The heat exchange coefficient of the evaporator is set to 0.85, which is the ratio of the heat absorbed by the organic working fluids in the evaporator to the heat released by engine exhaust when passing through the evaporator;
- (7)
- The ambient temperature and condensing temperature are set to 288 K and 303 K, respectively;
- (8)
- The exhaust temperature at the outlet of the evaporator (Tout) is set to 380 K [28].
Working fluids | Tsa (K), 1.5 MPa | Tsa (K), 2.5 MPa | Tsa (K), 0.9 MPa | Tsa (K), 1.8 MPa | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
R416A | Dew point | 334.83 | 357.78 | 314.53 | 342.72 |
Bubble point | 333.21 | 356.47 | 312.77 | 341.17 | |
Butane | 372.27 | 400.11 | 347.84 | 381.81 | |
R134a | 328.38 | 350.73 | 308.68 | 336.05 | |
R124 | 350.87 | 375.70 | 328.99 | 359.38 |
4. Parametric Optimization of the Regenerative Organic Rankine Cycle (RORC) System
4.1. Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO)
4.2. Results and Analysis of Parametric Optimization
5. Performance Analysis of the Regenerative Organic Rankine Cycle (RORC) System and Diesel Engine-RORC Combined System
6. Conclusions
- (1)
- To obtain the optimal net power output and exergy destruction rate of the RORC system, for certain operating conditions of the diesel engine, the optimal values for evaporating pressure, intermediate pressure, and degree of superheat should be known with certainty. In this research, for the four selected working fluids, under various operating conditions of the diesel engine, the optimal evaporating pressure is 2.5 MPa, the amplitude of the optimized intermediate pressure variation is below 7 kPa, and the amplitude of the optimized degree of superheat variation is below 2 K.
- (2)
- The required mass flow rate of the working fluid should vary with operating condition of the diesel engine. Among the four selected working fluids, the net power output of the RORC system using butane is the maximum, and the required mass flow rate of butane is the minimum. Accordingly, the total weight of the RORC system using butane can be reduced, and the risk of environmental pollution can be significantly decreased.
- (3)
- Considering the operating performances of the RORC system, the order of the working fluid selection decreasing in sequence is as follows: butane > R124 > R416A > R134a. When the engine speed is 2200 r/min and engine torque is 1215 N·m, the net power output of the RORC system using butane is 36.57 kW, and the WHRE of the RORC system using butane is 12.02%.
- (4)
- For the diesel engine-RORC combined system, the improvements in power output and fuel economy are significant. When the engine speed is 1131 r/min and engine torque is 1200 N·m, the BSFC of the combined system using butane is 173.3 g/kW·h, and the maximum improvement in BSFC of the combined system using butane is 11.56%. When the engine speed is 2200 r/min and engine torque is 1215 N·m, the POIR of the combined system using butane is 11.56%.
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
Nomenclature
maximum available exhaust energy rate (kW) | |
effective power output of the diesel engine (kW) | |
net power output (kW) | |
exergy destruction rate (kW) | |
Texh | exhaust temperature at evaporator inlet (K) |
Tout | exhaust temperature at evaporator outlet (K) |
fuel consumption rate of the diesel engine (g/h) | |
power (kW) | |
heat transfer rate (kW) | |
T | temperature (K) |
P | pressure (MPa) |
h | enthalpy (kJ/kg) |
mass flow rate (kg/s) | |
T0 | ambient temperature (K) |
H | pump head (m) |
g | gravitational acceleration (m/s2) |
Nmax | maximum iteration number |
n | current iteration |
K | population size |
pbest | personal best position |
gbest | global best position |
rand1 | random number 1 |
rand2 | random number 2 |
c1 | acceleration coefficient 1 |
c2 | acceleration coefficient 2 |
D | dimension of search space |
bsfc | brake specific fuel consumption |
Acronyms
ORC | organic Rankine cycle |
RORC | regenerative organic Rankine cycle |
OFOH | open feed organic fluid heater |
BSFC | brake specific fuel consumption |
POIR | power output increasing rate |
ODP | ozone depletion potential |
GWP | global warming potential |
WHRE | waste heat recovery efficiency |
Greek Letters
cp,exh | exhaust specific heat at constant pressure (kJ/kg·K) |
ηe | heat exchange coefficient of the evaporator |
ηt | isentropic efficiency of expander |
fraction of vapor extracted (%) | |
ω | inertia weight |
x | position of particle |
v | velocity of particle |
Subscripts
1, 2, 2s, 3, 3s, 4, 5, 6, 7 | state points in cycle (as shown in Figure 8) |
cs | combine system |
cri | critical |
t | expander |
L | low-temperature heat source |
f | fuel |
e | evaporator |
p1 | Pump 1 |
p2 | Pump 2 |
p3 | Pump 3 |
w | water |
w1 | cooling water at the inlet of the condenser |
w2 | cooling water at the outlet of the condenser |
o | organic working fluid |
con | condenser |
exh | exhaust |
eng | diesel engine |
max | maximum |
min | minimum |
out | outlet |
net | net power output |
sa | saturation |
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Wang, H.; Zhang, H.; Yang, F.; Song, S.; Chang, Y.; Bei, C.; Yang, K. Parametric Optimization of Regenerative Organic Rankine Cycle System for Diesel Engine Based on Particle Swarm Optimization. Energies 2015, 8, 9751-9776. https://doi.org/10.3390/en8099751
Wang H, Zhang H, Yang F, Song S, Chang Y, Bei C, Yang K. Parametric Optimization of Regenerative Organic Rankine Cycle System for Diesel Engine Based on Particle Swarm Optimization. Energies. 2015; 8(9):9751-9776. https://doi.org/10.3390/en8099751
Chicago/Turabian StyleWang, Hongjin, Hongguang Zhang, Fubin Yang, Songsong Song, Ying Chang, Chen Bei, and Kai Yang. 2015. "Parametric Optimization of Regenerative Organic Rankine Cycle System for Diesel Engine Based on Particle Swarm Optimization" Energies 8, no. 9: 9751-9776. https://doi.org/10.3390/en8099751