Environment-Friendly Heterogeneous Alkaline-Based Mixed Metal Oxide Catalysts for Biodiesel Production
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Preparation of Mixed Metal Oxide (MMO) Catalysts
2.2. Characterization of MMO Catalysts
2.3. Transesterification Reaction of High Acid Jatropha Oil
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Physicochemical Properties of Mixed Metal Oxide (MMO) Catalysts
3.2. Transesterification Activity of the MMO Catalysed Reaction
3.3. Catalyst Reusability
4. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Catalysts | Amount of Basic Sites | |
---|---|---|
Tmax (300–500 °C) Medium Basic Strength | Tmax (>500 °C) Strong Basic Strength | |
ZnO | - | - |
MgO | 50.3 | - |
CaO | - | 290.4 |
La2O3 | - | 179.9 |
MgO-ZnO | 73.2 | 257.9 |
CaO-MgO | - | 1210.5 |
CaO-ZnO | - | 1383.0 |
CaO-La2O3 | - | 737.8 |
Catalyst | Catalyst Synthesis Method | Feedstock and Transesterification Condition | Biodiesel Yield (%) | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
CaO·ZnO | Ball milling of CaO and ZnO powder mixture (CaO:ZnO = 1:2) | Methanolysis of sunflower oil, at 60 °C and 1 bar, using molar ratio of sunflower oil to methanol of 1:10 and with 2 wt % of catalyst based on oil weight, 3 h | 99% | [37] |
CaO·ZnO | Conventional co-precipitation (Ca:Zn = 0.25:1) | Transesterification of palm kernel oil under conditions at 60 °C, catalyst amount = 10 wt %, methanol/oil molar ratio = 30, reaction time = 1 h | >94% | [38] |
K2O/CaO-ZnO | CaO-ZnO prepared by co-precipitation was promoted by K2O via impregnation method (Ca:Zn = 1:3) | Tranesterification of soybean oil under reaction temperature of 60 °C, catalyst loading of 2 wt %, methanol to oil molar ratio of 15:1, and reaction time of 4 h | 81% | [39] |
CaO-ZnO | Co-precipitation method (Ca:Zn ratio = 1:1) | Transesterification of high-acid crude jatrophas oil (12 wt % of FFA) under reaction conditions: catalyst amount,3 wt %; methanol/oil ratio = 25:1; 120 °C; 3 h | 94% | Present study |
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Lee, H.V.; Juan, J.C.; Yun Hin, T.-Y.; Ong, H.C. Environment-Friendly Heterogeneous Alkaline-Based Mixed Metal Oxide Catalysts for Biodiesel Production. Energies 2016, 9, 611. https://doi.org/10.3390/en9080611
Lee HV, Juan JC, Yun Hin T-Y, Ong HC. Environment-Friendly Heterogeneous Alkaline-Based Mixed Metal Oxide Catalysts for Biodiesel Production. Energies. 2016; 9(8):611. https://doi.org/10.3390/en9080611
Chicago/Turabian StyleLee, Hwei Voon, Joon Ching Juan, Taufiq-Yap Yun Hin, and Hwai Chyuan Ong. 2016. "Environment-Friendly Heterogeneous Alkaline-Based Mixed Metal Oxide Catalysts for Biodiesel Production" Energies 9, no. 8: 611. https://doi.org/10.3390/en9080611