Effect on Particulate and Gas Emissions by Combusting Biodiesel Blend Fuels Made from Different Plant Oil Feedstocks in a Liquid Fuel Burner
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Material and Methods
2.1. Materials and Chemicals
2.2. Biodiesel Production Procedures
3. Experimental Work
4. Results and Discussion
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Feedstock | Kinematic Viscosity (cSt, at 40 °C) | Density (g/cm3) | Saponification Number | Iodine Value | Acid Value (mg KOH/g) | Cetane Number | Heating Value (MJ/kg) | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Palm | 4.5–4.66 | 855–898.4 | 196.4–206 | 58–61 | 0.24–3.6 | 50–65 | 37.2–41.3 | [6,7,33,34] |
Coconut | 2.726–4.1 | 807.3–877.1 | - | - | 0.106 | 55.0–60 | 36.98–38.10 | [6,11,34] |
Soybean | 4.039–4.1 | 885–913.8 | - | 0.266 | 128–143 | 37.9–51 | 37.3–39.76 | [6,33] |
Rapeseed | 4.44–4.7 | 882–887 | - | - | - | 53 | 37 | [6,33] |
Corn | 3.62–5.8 | 873–913 | - | 103–140 | 0.34 | 37.6–49 | 41.18 | [25,35] |
Jatropha | 4.4–4.75 | 869.2–880 | 192.6 | 93.8 | 0.27–3.8 | 53.5–57.1 | 38.5–41.17 | [7,36,37] |
Karanja | 6.13 | 931 | - | - | 0.3–5.06 | 55 | 34–43.42 | [6,36] |
Polanga | 4 | 888.6 | - | - | - | 57.3 | 39.25 | [34] |
Moringa Oliefera | 5.05 | 869.6 | 199 | 77.5 | 8.62 | 56.3 | 40.05 | [38] |
Property | Unit | Test Method | JOME | POME | COME | DIESEL | Standard Limits |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Density at 15 °C | kg/m3 | ASTM D1298 | 0.8717 | 0.865 | 0.862 | 0.835 | 860–900 |
Kinematic viscosity at 40 °C | (mm2/s) | ASTM D445 | 4.521 | 4.488 | 2.903 | 3.619 * | 1.9–6 |
Acid value | (mg KOH/g) | ASTM D664 | 0.515 | 0.545 | 0.265 | - | 0.5 maximum |
Flash point | °C | ASTM D93 | 170 | 174 | 106 | 77 * | >130 °C minimum |
Pour point | °C | ASTM D97 | −6 | 15 | −3 | −20 * | −15 to −16 |
Cloud Point | °C | ASTM D2500 | 6 | 11 | 6 | −35 * | −3 to −12 |
Cetane number | - | ASTM-D613 | 54.8 | 59.2 | 64.6 | 48 * | 47 minimum |
CFPP Cold Filter Plugging Point) | °C | ASTM D6371 | 1 | 13 | 1 | 44.7 * | Max + 5 |
Calorific value | (kJ/kg) | ASTM-D240 | 39.7 | 39.4 | 37.6 | - | Report |
Oxidation stability, 110 °C | hours | EN 15751 | 2.1 | 7.5 | 18.8 | - | 3 h minimum |
Carbon residue (on 100% sample) | % m/m | ASTM D4530 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | - | 0.050 maximum |
Carbon | %wt | ASTM PS 121 | 76.7 | 76.2 | 72.6 | - | 77 |
Hydrogen | %wt | ASTM PS 121 | 12.6 | 12.7 | 12.7 | - | 12 |
Nitrogen | %wt | ASTM PS 121 | <0.1 | 0.1 | <0.1 | - | - |
Oxygen | %wt | ASTM PS 121 | 10.8 | 11.0 | 14.7 | - | 11 |
Total sulphur | mg/kg | ASTM 5453-12 | 1.8 | 2.2 | 1.9 | - | 15 maximum |
Parameter | Measuring Range | Measurement Method |
---|---|---|
NOx | 200–5000 ppm | NDIR |
SO2 | 200–5000 ppm | NDIR |
CO | 200–5000 ppm | NDIR |
CO2 | 5–25 vol% | NDIR |
O2 | 10–25 vol% | Magneto-pneumatic detection |
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Abdul Rahim, N.; Mohd Jaafar, M.N.; Sapee, S.; Elraheem, H.F. Effect on Particulate and Gas Emissions by Combusting Biodiesel Blend Fuels Made from Different Plant Oil Feedstocks in a Liquid Fuel Burner. Energies 2016, 9, 659. https://doi.org/10.3390/en9080659
Abdul Rahim N, Mohd Jaafar MN, Sapee S, Elraheem HF. Effect on Particulate and Gas Emissions by Combusting Biodiesel Blend Fuels Made from Different Plant Oil Feedstocks in a Liquid Fuel Burner. Energies. 2016; 9(8):659. https://doi.org/10.3390/en9080659
Chicago/Turabian StyleAbdul Rahim, Norwazan, Mohammad Nazri Mohd Jaafar, Syazwana Sapee, and Hazir Farouk Elraheem. 2016. "Effect on Particulate and Gas Emissions by Combusting Biodiesel Blend Fuels Made from Different Plant Oil Feedstocks in a Liquid Fuel Burner" Energies 9, no. 8: 659. https://doi.org/10.3390/en9080659