Osteogenic Potential of Graphene in Bone Tissue Engineering Scaffolds
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Graphene Derivatives
3. Natural vs. Synthetic Biomaterials
3.1. Natural Biomaterials
Natural Biomaterials/Polysaccharides/Graphene Scaffolds in Bone Tissue Engineering
3.2. Synthetic Biomaterials
Polymers/Graphene Derivatives Scaffolds in Bone Tissue Engineering
4. Role of Graphene in Stem Cell Proliferation
5. Future Perspectives and Conclusions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviation
MSC’s | human mesenchymal stem cells |
BMSCs | Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells |
PLA | Polylactic acid |
PGA | Polyglycolic acid |
PCL | Polycaprolactone |
PLGA | Poly lactide-co-glycolic acid |
HA | hydroxyapatite |
TCP | β-Tricalcium phosphate |
NaOH | sodium hydroxide |
PVA | Polyvinyl alcohol |
GO | graphene oxide |
GHB | graphene-hydroxyapatite hybrid |
ALP | Alkaline phosphatase |
SBF | simulated body fluid |
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Material | Analysis | Outcomes | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
rGO-Chitosan | SEM, Alizarin Red staining, and immunofluorescence | The differentiation on rGO-chitosan substrate was higher than the ones obtained on the chitosan Substrate and polystyrene regardless of the use of osteogenic induction media. | [53] |
rGO-PEDOT | Immunofluorescence staining, Alizarin Red S staining | The multifunctional rGO-PEDOT bioelectronic interface was used for manipulating attachment and orientation of MSC. The device acted as a drug releasing model under electrical modulation. | [92] |
GO | Immunofluorescence, microcomputed tomography, and Goldner trichrome | The osteogenetic differentiation of human BMMSCs on Ti/GO substrate was higher compared to Ti substrate. | [31] |
GONR, rGONR | Immunofluorescence staining and Alizarin Red staining | Graphene nanogrids increase the osteogenic differentiation of BMSC; the differentiation coincides with the patterns of the nanogrids. | [88] |
CVD | Immunofluorescence staining | The cells adhered and proliferated more on CVD-grown graphene than on SiO2 substrates. | [93] |
CVD, GO | Immunofluorescence staining and Alizarin Red staining | Graphene was capable of preconcentrating osteogenic differentiation factors. GO strongly enhances adipogenic differentiation. | [87] |
CVD | Cell viability assay, immunofluorescence staining, and Alizarin Red staining | CVD-grown graphene allowed the proliferation of MSC and increased the differentiation towards osteoblast. | [32] |
3DGp | Immunofluorescence staining and SEM | 3DGp maintains MSC viability and promotes osteogenic differentiation without the use of chemical inducers. | [89] |
CaS-G | MTT, SEM, and RT-PCR | Cell adhesion was enhanced by adding 1.5% of graphene to the material as compared to the calcium silicate alone. | [94] |
SGH | MTT, H & E, immunofluorescence staining, and Alizarin staining | The self-supporting graphene hydrogel (SGH) film allows cell adhesion and proliferation and accelerates the osteogenic differentiation without chemical inducer. | [95] |
GO-CaP | Alizarin Red S staining RT PCR and immunofluorescence | The GO-CaP nanocomposite exhibited superior osteoinductivity compared to individual or combined effects of GO and CaP. | [91] |
Carbon nanotubes and graphene | SEM, Elisa, and H & E staining | Cells in PLLA composite scaffolds containing 3 wt % of graphene presented higher expression of osteogenesis-related proteins, calcium deposition, and the formation of type I collagen. | [96] |
Graphene hydrogel | MTT and SEM | Graphene 3D hydrogel allows cell proliferation and attachment confirming the biocompatibility of the graphene hydrogel scaffolds. | [97] |
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Prasadh, S.; Suresh, S.; Wong, R. Osteogenic Potential of Graphene in Bone Tissue Engineering Scaffolds. Materials 2018, 11, 1430. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma11081430
Prasadh S, Suresh S, Wong R. Osteogenic Potential of Graphene in Bone Tissue Engineering Scaffolds. Materials. 2018; 11(8):1430. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma11081430
Chicago/Turabian StylePrasadh, Somasundaram, Santhosh Suresh, and Raymond Wong. 2018. "Osteogenic Potential of Graphene in Bone Tissue Engineering Scaffolds" Materials 11, no. 8: 1430. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma11081430