Chloride Induced Reinforcement Corrosion in Mortars Containing Coal Bottom Ash and Coal Fly Ash
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials, Mix Proportions and Specimen Details
2.2. Testing Procedure
2.3. Calculation of the Non-Steady State (Apparent) Diffusion Coefficient
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Depassivation Time and Non-Steady State Diffusion Coefficient
3.2. Critical and Surface Chloride Content
3.3. Initial and Final Resistance
3.4. Potential Monitoring
3.5. Corrosion Rate Monitoring
3.6. Visual Examination
4. Conclusions
- Chloride diffusion coefficient in natural test conditions decreased from 23 × 10−12 m2/s in cements without coal ashes to 4.5 × 10−12 m2/s in cements with 35% by weight of coal ashes. Moreover, the time to steel corrosion initiation went from 102 h to about 500 h, respectively.
- Coal bottom ash and coal fly ash showed a similar corrosion performance in reinforced mortars. Both of them have a positive effect on the chloride resistance of the reinforced mortars. However, the higher coal ash proportion in the mortar, the lower critical chloride content, Ccritical, was found. This is explained by the lower hydroxyl concentration in blended mortars and, therefore, the lower Cl−/OH− threshold value than in plain mortars.
- The most important parameter influencing the corrosion onset is the amount of coal ash independent of the type of ash.
- The results reveal that the experimental procedure used being accelerated appears a promising method to arrive at the chloride apparent diffusion coefficient, Dap, in mortars and concretes. It provided reliable information about the quality of the coal bottom ash investigated in this research program with regard to its durability.
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Compositions | SiO2 | Al2O3 | Fe2O3 | CaO | MgO | SO3 | TiO2 | P2O5 | Soluble Residue 1 | Loss on Ignition |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cement | 19.04 | 3.85 | 3.43 | 57.16 | 1.54 | 3.14 | 0.17 | 0.07 | 2.15 | 3.93 |
Bottom ash | 48.12 | 25.55 | 5.86 | 7.07 | 1.28 | 0.15 | 1.5 | 0.96 | 81.24 | 1.85 |
Fly ash | 46.84 | 26.66 | 4.72 | 5.55 | 1.33 | 0.37 | 1.5 | 1.03 | 76.00 | 3.63 |
Composition 1 | CEM I | 10CV | 10CVF | 10CF | 25CV | 25CVF | 25CF | 35CV | 35CVF | 35CF |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cement | 100 | 90 | 90 | 90 | 75 | 75 | 75 | 65 | 65 | 65 |
Fly ash | 0 | 10 | 8 | 0 | 25 | 20 | 0 | 35 | 28 | 0 |
Bottom ash | 0 | 0 | 2 | 10 | 0 | 5 | 25 | 0 | 7 | 35 |
Sand | 300 | 300 | 300 | 300 | 300 | 300 | 300 | 300 | 300 | 300 |
Water | 50 | 50 | 50 | 50 | 50 | 50 | 50 | 50 | 50 | 50 |
Code | tlag (h) | Dns (× 10−12 m2/s) | Icorr at tlag (µA/cm2) | Ecorr (mV) | Ccritical (% wt Dry Sample) | Cs (wt % Dry Sample) | Re,initial (Ω) | Re,final (Ω) | Cover Thickness (cm) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CEM I | 102 | 23.13 | 1.78 | −389 | 0.19 | 0.59 | 1105 | 1212 | 3.10 |
10CV | 183 | 14.61 | 1.18 | −578 | 0.18 | 0.97 | 1432 | 1660 | 3.30 |
10CVF | 164 | 13.47 | 5.51 | −478 | 0.14 | 0.53 | 1423 | 1863 | 3.00 |
10CF | 183 | 12.89 | 2.65 | −384 | 0.09 | 0.49 | 1583 | 1960 | 3.10 |
25CV | 455 | 6.24 | 1.46 | −416 | 0.03 | 1.13 | 3738 | 3800 | 3.40 |
25CVF | 420 | 5.26 | 1.91 | −394 | 0.09 | 1.04 | 3279 | 4000 | 3.00 |
25CF | 322 | 7.81 | 1.68 | −310 | 0.05 | 0.77 | 3053 | 4633 | 3.20 |
35CV | 582 | 4.55 | 6.94 | −326 | 0.03 | 0.53 | 4615 | 4270 | 3.60 |
35CVF | 454 | 4.55 | 1.43 | −342 | 0.06 | 1.17 | 4959 | 5673 | 2.90 |
35CF | 567 | 4.63 | 1.06 | −331 | 0.03 | 1.32 | 3750 | 7143 | 3.27 |
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Menéndez, E.; Argiz, C.; Sanjuán, M.Á. Chloride Induced Reinforcement Corrosion in Mortars Containing Coal Bottom Ash and Coal Fly Ash. Materials 2019, 12, 1933. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12121933
Menéndez E, Argiz C, Sanjuán MÁ. Chloride Induced Reinforcement Corrosion in Mortars Containing Coal Bottom Ash and Coal Fly Ash. Materials. 2019; 12(12):1933. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12121933
Chicago/Turabian StyleMenéndez, Esperanza, Cristina Argiz, and Miguel Ángel Sanjuán. 2019. "Chloride Induced Reinforcement Corrosion in Mortars Containing Coal Bottom Ash and Coal Fly Ash" Materials 12, no. 12: 1933. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12121933