Surface Chemical Changes of Sugar Maple Wood Induced by Thermo-Hygromechanical (THM) Treatment
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Thermo-Hygromechanical Densification Process
2.2. Determination of Chemical Properties
2.2.1. X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy
2.2.2. ATR-FTIR
2.2.3. Py-GC/MS
3. Results
3.1. XPS Analysis
3.2. ATR-FTIR Analysis
3.3. Py-GC/MS Analysis
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Source | Control | 180 °C without Steam | 180 °C with Steam | 200 °C without Steam | 200 °C with Steam | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Elements (%) | C | 67.96 | 68.63 | 66.16 | 66.86 | 66.75 |
O | 31.50 | 30.79 | 33.37 | 32.59 | 32.98 | |
Others | 0.54 | 0.58 | 0.47 | 0.55 | 0.27 | |
C1s component (%) | C1 | 28.11 | 32.83 | 26.02 | 25.68 | 25.12 |
C2 | 55.06 | 51.92 | 57.27 | 56.56 | 57.01 | |
C3 | 13.43 | 10.91 | 12.88 | 12.51 | 13.81 | |
C4 | 3.40 | 4.34 | 3.83 | 5.25 | 4.06 | |
O1s component (%) | O1 | 5.43 | 2.86 | 1.19 | 1.45 | 1.78 |
O2 | 86.64 | 90.08 | 93.16 | 91.65 | 91.63 | |
O3 | 7.93 | 7.06 | 5.65 | 6.9 | 6.60 | |
Atomic Ratio | O/C | 0.46 | 0.45 | 0.50 | 0.49 | 0.49 |
Peak Position (cm−1) | Peak Assignment | Peak Intensity after Normalization | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Control | 180 °C without Steam | 180 °C with Steam | 200 °C without Steam | 200 °C with Steam | ||
897 | C1–O–C4 in cellulose | 0.0091 | 0.0133 | 0.0091 | 0.0161 | 0.0127 |
1032 | Holocellulose bonds | 0.0570 | 0.0570 | 0.0570 | 0.0570 | 0.0570 |
1100 | O–H bond in cellulose | 0.0326 | 0.0328 | 0.0348 | 0.0331 | 0.0336 |
1158 | C–O–C bond in carbonhydrates | 0.0187 | 0.0211 | 0.0198 | 0.0225 | 0.0204 |
1236 | C–O stretching in lignin and xylan | 0.0214 | 0.0243 | 0.0272 | 0.0258 | 0.0196 |
1317 | –CH2 wagging in the crystalline cellulose | 0.0153 | 0.0170 | 0.0191 | 0.0185 | 0.0170 |
1375 | C–H deformation in carbonhydrates | 0.0153 | 0.0181 | 0.0192 | 0.0200 | 0.0159 |
1424 | –CH2 bending vibration in cellulose | 0.0155 | 0.0179 | 0.0198 | 0.0195 | 0.0167 |
1446 | Aromatic C–H in lignin | 0.0144 | 0.0139 | 0.0192 | 0.0176 | 0.0143 |
1510 | Aromatic skeletal vibration in lignin | 0.0094 | 0.0116 | 0.0138 | 0.0136 | 0.0083 |
1596 | 0.0126 | 0.0151 | 0.0188 | 0.0175 | 0.0126 | |
1648 | 0.0097 | 0.0110 | 0.0132 | 0.0144 | 0.0072 | |
1733 | C=O stretching in hemicelluloses, lignin and extractives | 0.0141 | 0.0181 | 0.0193 | 0.0204 | 0.0130 |
Compounds | Origin | Treatments | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Control | 180 °C without Steam | 180 °C with Steam | 200 °C without Steam | 200 °C with Steam | ||
Cellulose/hemicellulose-derived compounds (peak area %) | ||||||
Dihydro-4-hydroxy-2(3H)-furanone | H | 1.13 | 2.37 | 0.60 | 1.10 | 0.79 |
Propylene carbonate | H | 0.65 | 1.23 | 0.52 | 0.82 | 0.64 |
(S)-5-hydromethyl-2(5H)-Furanone | H | 0.22 | 0.41 | 0.24 | 0.24 | 0.20 |
Furfural | H | 1.13 | 0.13 | 1.22 | 1.44 | 1.09 |
2-Furanmethanol | H | 0.84 | 0.26 | 0.65 | 0.24 | 0.58 |
3-methyl-4-penten-2-one | H | 0.29 | 0.57 | 0.48 | - | 0.43 |
2-Cyclopentene-1,4-dione | H | 0.16 | 0.27 | 0.43 | 0.20 | 0.16 |
2(5H)-Furanone | H | 0.55 | 1.16 | 0.66 | 0.74 | 0.56 |
5-methyl-2(5H)-Furanone | H | 0.06 | 0.19 | - | 0.14 | 0.07 |
3-methyl-2,4(3H,5H)-furandione | H | 0.38 | 0.74 | 0.47 | 0.51 | 0.32 |
Levoglucosan | C | 0.57 | - | 2.31 | 2.43 | 4.8 |
5-hydroxymethyl-2-furancarboxaldehyde | C | 0.53 | 1.25 | 1.18 | 0.93 | 0.87 |
Lignin-derived compounds (peak area %) | ||||||
Phenol | L | 0.15 | 0.29 | 0.12 | 0.15 | 0.11 |
2-methoxy-phenol | L | 0.08 | 1.27 | 1.12 | 1.22 | 0.99 |
2-methoxy-4-methyl-phenol | L | 0.71 | 1.61 | 1.42 | 1.47 | 1.56 |
1,2-benzenediol | L | 0.63 | - | 0.40 | 0.39 | 0.47 |
3-methoxy-1,2-benzenediol | L | 1.17 | - | 0.96 | 0.68 | 1.26 |
4-ethyl-2-methoxy-phenol | L | 0.50 | 0.29 | 0.49 | 0.71 | 0.56 |
2-methoxy-4-vinylphenol | L | 1.61 | 2.21 | 1.75 | 2.26 | 1.62 |
2,6-dimethoxy-phenol | L | 2.44 | 4.13 | 3.30 | 3.51 | 2.96 |
2-methoxy-3-(2-propenyl)-phenol | L | 0.42 | 0.52 | 0.43 | 0.43 | - |
Eugenol | L | 0.09 | 0.29 | 1.51 | 0.24 | 0.35 |
2-methoxy-4-(1-propenyl)-phenol | L | 0.41 | 0.33 | 0.29 | 0.29 | 0.27 |
isoeugenol | L | 1.40 | 1.73 | 0.72 | 1.57 | 1.23 |
1-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-ethanone | L | 0.57 | 0.26 | 0.50 | 0.48 | 0.40 |
3,5-dimethoxyacetophenone | L | 4.83 | 6.07 | 4.93 | 5.38 | 4.15 |
4-((1E)-3-hydroxy-1-propenyl)-2-methoxy phenol | L | 0.16 | 0.08 | 0.16 | 0.08 | 0.17 |
4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxy -benzaldehyde | L | 2.03 | 2.61 | 2.17 | 2.10 | 1.80 |
4-allyl syringol | L | 6.23 | 7.69 | 7.69 | 7.04 | 6.48 |
Acetosyringone | L | 1.46 | 1.79 | 1.62 | 1.13 | 1.49 |
Trans-sinapaldehyde | L | 1.91 | 0.87 | 2.18 | 1.52 | 2.14 |
2-allyl-1,4-dimethoxy-3-methyl-benzene | L | 2.57 | 1.82 | 1.98 | 1.51 | 2.27 |
Carbohydrate-derived compounds | 6.51 | 8.58 | 8.76 | 8.79 | 10.51 | |
Lignin-derived compounds | 29.37 | 33.86 | 33.74 | 32.16 | 30.28 | |
Lignin-derived/carbohydrate-derived compounds | 4.51 | 3.94 | 3.85 | 3.67 | 2.88 |
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Fu, Q.; Cloutier, A.; Laghdir, A.; Stevanovic, T. Surface Chemical Changes of Sugar Maple Wood Induced by Thermo-Hygromechanical (THM) Treatment. Materials 2019, 12, 1946. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12121946
Fu Q, Cloutier A, Laghdir A, Stevanovic T. Surface Chemical Changes of Sugar Maple Wood Induced by Thermo-Hygromechanical (THM) Treatment. Materials. 2019; 12(12):1946. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12121946
Chicago/Turabian StyleFu, Qilan, Alain Cloutier, Aziz Laghdir, and Tatjana Stevanovic. 2019. "Surface Chemical Changes of Sugar Maple Wood Induced by Thermo-Hygromechanical (THM) Treatment" Materials 12, no. 12: 1946. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12121946