The Effect of Ordinary Portland Cement Substitution on the Thermal Stability of Geopolymer Concrete
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Specimen Preparation
2.3. Heating Details
2.4. Determination of Mass Loss by High Temperature Exposure
2.5. Compressive Strength Test
2.6. Scanning Electron Microscopic Images
2.7. Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA)
3. Results and Discussions
3.1. Mass Change by High Temperature Exposure
3.2. Compressive Strength after Exposure to Elevated Temperatures
3.3. Microstructure Investigation
4. Conclusions
- The mass loss occurred at temperatures up to 200 °C accounted for more than 50% of the entire mass loss, which mainly resulted from the evaporation of free water and chemically bound water. The mass loss ratio increased with the cement content, which was caused by the continuous dehydroxylation of C-S-H gels as well as the disintegration of Ca(OH)2 at elevated temperatures.
- All the FAGCs performed higher compressive strength than their original compressive strength up to 200 °C, which was due to the secondary geopolymerization resulting from unreacted fly ash and alkaline solution. FAGCs without cement experienced higher strength enhancement than those containing cement. More impressive, FAGCs without cement retained higher compressive strength than its original compressive strength until 600 °C.
- The SEM images demonstrated that the compressive strength enhancement resulted from secondary geopolymerization that produced further geopolymer gels and improved the concrete microstructure. SEM, TGA and DTG results revealed that the compressive strength loss occurred at temperatures higher than 200 °C was mainly caused by the microstructure deterioration and the continuous dehydroxylation of N-A-S-H gel.
- Compressive strength of FAGCs increased with the cement dosages up to 200 °C because of the existence of C-S-H gels and filler effect of cement. According to the SEM results, the fact that cement was beneficial for improving microstructure of FAGCs caused the compressive strength enhancement.
- The inclusion of cement increased the Ca/Si ratio, which resulted in an increase in the quantity of calcium compounds with strong thermal expansion properties. Therefore, FAGCs containing cement suffered from more severe strength loss and microstructure deterioration than FAGCs without cement at temperatures higher than 200 °C.
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Chemical Composition | SiO2 | Al2O3 | CaO | Fe2O3 | MgO | K2O | SO3 | TiO2 | Na2O | LOI † |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fly Ash (%) | 49.05 | 26.40 | 5.2 | 4.64 | 3.72 | 4.85 | 2.00 | 1.16 | 0.8 | 2.83 |
Cement (%) | 17.78 | 2.49 | 63.67 | 2.5 | 3.09 | 0.46 | 4.77 | 0.80 | 0 | 4.53 |
Mineral Composition | Ca3SiO5 | Ca2SiO4 | Ca2Fe1.40 Al0.60O5 | CaSO4 | CaCO3 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
SemiQuant (%) | 44.55 | 38.61 | 3.98 | 6.92 | 5.94 |
Mixture Design of the FAGC (kg/m3) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mixes | Coarse Aggregate | Sand | Fly Ash | OPC | Alkaline Solution |
OPC-0 | 1172 | 539 | 459 | 0 | 200 |
OPC-5 | 1172 | 539 | 436.05 | 22.95 | 200 |
OPC-10 | 1172 | 539 | 413.10 | 45.9 | 200 |
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Zhang, H.; Li, L.; Long, T.; Sarker, P.K.; Shi, X.; Cai, G.; Wang, Q. The Effect of Ordinary Portland Cement Substitution on the Thermal Stability of Geopolymer Concrete. Materials 2019, 12, 2501. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12162501
Zhang H, Li L, Long T, Sarker PK, Shi X, Cai G, Wang Q. The Effect of Ordinary Portland Cement Substitution on the Thermal Stability of Geopolymer Concrete. Materials. 2019; 12(16):2501. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12162501
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhang, Hongen, Lang Li, Tao Long, Prabir Kumar Sarker, Xiaoshuang Shi, Gaochuang Cai, and Qingyuan Wang. 2019. "The Effect of Ordinary Portland Cement Substitution on the Thermal Stability of Geopolymer Concrete" Materials 12, no. 16: 2501. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12162501