Experimental Study on the Energy-Release Characteristics of Fine-Grained Fe/Al Energetic Jets under Impact Loading
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Preparation of Experimental Samples
- (1)
- The mixed powders were loaded into a custom mold and sintered in a vacuum hot-pressing sintering furnace (R-C-ZKQY-07, Chenrong Electric Furnace Co., Ltd. Shanghai, China), and high-purity nitrogen was used as a protective gas.
- (2)
- After 15 min, the power supply for the heater was turned on, and the water-cooling system was turned on when the temperature reached 150 °C. The heating rate was set to 1 °C/min. The sintering pressure was maintained at 10 MPa.
- (3)
- After the temperature reached the highest sintering temperature (500, 520, 550, or 600 °C), the temperature was maintained for 4 h; then, the mould was cooled to 300 °C at a cooling rate of 30 °C/h. This temperature was maintained for 1 h.
- (4)
- As the temperature was gradually lowered, most of the pressure was released. After the temperature reached room temperature, the mold was removed. The preparation process for the Fe/Al composites is shown in Figure 1. SEM images of the Al and Fe powders are shown in Figure 2 and Figure 3, respectively.
2.2. Microstructure Analysis of the Composites
3. Experimental Design and Scheme
3.1. Dynamic Compression Properties Experiment
3.2. Experiment on the Energy-Release Characteristics under Impact Loading
4. Results and Discussion
4.1. Dynamic Compression Properties
4.2. Impact-Induced Reaction Characteristics
5. Conclusions
- (1)
- When the sintering temperature is 550 °C, a solid-state diffusion reaction between Al and Fe begins to take place at a pressure of 10 MPa, forming Fe2Al5. When the temperature exceeds 600 °C, the diffusion reaction occurs.
- (2)
- Fe/Al materials prepared at different maximum sintering temperatures show the characteristics of brittle materials with poor ductility. The fracture surface reflects intergranular brittle fracturing. When the maximum sintering temperature is 550 °C, the compressive strength of the fine-grained Fe/Al composites is the highest among the different composites. To maintain the activity and strength of the Fe/Al energetic material, the maximum sintering temperature should be 550 °C.
- (3)
- The reaction behavior of the fine-grained Fe/Al energetic jet under impact is related to the impact energy. With increasing impact energy, the energy release of the fine-grained Fe/Al energetic jet increases. The reaction mechanism is as follows: The aluminum oxidation reaction and the aluminum–iron intercalation reaction occur mainly under low-impact-energy conditions, and a great quantity of oxidative reactions of energetic substances is induced by high-impact energy. There is an impact-energy threshold at 121.1 J/mm2, at which the chemical reaction of the energetic material in the jet is saturated, and the highest reaction rate is 95.3%.
- (4)
- The Fe/Al energetic jet with fine particles and proper hot-pressing sintering has a higher energy efficiency than those created with coarse-grained and traditional mechanical processing under the same impact conditions.
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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No. | Highest Sintering Temperature (°C) | Density (g/cm3) | Mass (g) |
---|---|---|---|
1 | 500 | 3.59 | 3.38 |
2 | 520 | 3.65 | 3.43 |
3 | 550 | 3.74 | 3.52 |
4 | 600 | 3.88 | 3.65 |
No. | Mass Ratio (Fe:Al) | Target Thick-Ness (mm) | Mass (g) |
---|---|---|---|
1 | 4:6 | 2 | 3.84 |
2 | 4:6 | 2.5 | 3.84 |
3 | 4:6 | 3 | 3.84 |
4 | 4:6 | 3.5 | 3.84 |
5 | 4:6 | 4 | 3.84 |
6 | 4:6 | 4.5 | 3.84 |
7 | 4:6 | 5 | 3.84 |
8 | Cu | 4 | 3.84 |
9 | Fe/Al Mix-ture a | 4.5 | 3.88 |
10 | Fe/Al Mix-ture b | 4.5 | 3.84 |
ρ1a kg/m3 | ρ2b kg/m3 | C1c m/s | C2d m/s | S1e | S2f | Vg m/s | Up m/s | Us2h m/s |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
3660 | 7850 | 4624 | 4569 | 1.57 | 1.49 | 3555 | 1309 | 6520 |
Product | Fe | Fe/Al | FeA12 | FeA13 | Fe2A15 | Al | Al2O3 | Fe2O3 | Fe3O4 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(kJ/mol) | / | 50.3 | 79.2 | 112.3 | 187.7 | / | 1669.68 | 824.2 | 1118.4 |
No. | Impact Energy (J/mm2) | (MPa) | Platform Pressure (MPa) | Platform Time (ms) | Q1 (kJ) | Q2 (kJ) | QT (kJ) | Energy Efficiency Ratio (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 56.1 | 0.97 | 0.88 | 0.15 | 35.6 | 3.5 | 27.7 | 34.0 |
2 | 67.3 | 1.17 | 1.09 | 1.02 | 42.9 | 8.4 | 39.9 | 49.0 |
3 | 79.1 | 1.33 | 1.21 | 0.94 | 48.8 | 11.1 | 48.5 | 59.5 |
4 | 94.2 | 1.52 | 1.39 | 1.66 | 55.7 | 13.6 | 57.9 | 71.1 |
5 | 103.5 | 1.77 | 1.58 | 2.53 | 64.9 | 18.2 | 71.7 | 88.0 |
6 | 121.1 | 1.8 | 1.68 | 4.61 | 66.0 | 23 | 77.6 | 95.3 |
7 | 134.5 | 1.78 | 1.70 | 3.65 | 65.3 | 22.8 | 76.7 | 94.1 |
8 | --- | 0.31 | --- | --- | 11.4 | --- | 11.4 a | --- |
9 | --- | 0.82 | --- | --- | 30.1 | --- | 18.7 | 22.9 |
10 | --- | 0.53 | --- | --- | 19.4 | --- | 8.0 | 9.9 |
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Li, Q.; Du, Y. Experimental Study on the Energy-Release Characteristics of Fine-Grained Fe/Al Energetic Jets under Impact Loading. Materials 2019, 12, 3317. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12203317
Li Q, Du Y. Experimental Study on the Energy-Release Characteristics of Fine-Grained Fe/Al Energetic Jets under Impact Loading. Materials. 2019; 12(20):3317. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12203317
Chicago/Turabian StyleLi, Qiang, and Ye Du. 2019. "Experimental Study on the Energy-Release Characteristics of Fine-Grained Fe/Al Energetic Jets under Impact Loading" Materials 12, no. 20: 3317. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12203317