Efficiency of Different Superplasticizers and Retarders on Properties of ‘One-Part’ Fly Ash-Slag Blended Geopolymers with Different Activators
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Geopolymer Precursors
2.2. Solid Activators
2.3. Admixtures
3. Experimental Procedures
3.1. Mixture Proportions
3.2. Mixing, Casting, Curing and Testing of Specimens
4. Results and Discussions
4.1. Effects of Different Superplasticisers
4.1.1. Workability
4.1.2. Compressive Strength
4.2. Effects of Different Retarders
4.2.1. Setting Time
4.2.2. Workability
4.2.3. Compressive Strength
4.3. Effects of Combined Admixtures
5. Conclusions
- For the mixture activated by the anhydrous sodium metasilicate powder (with nSiO2/nNa2O = 0.9), the PC1 (a modified polycarboxylate-based SP) was the most effective SP. The use of PC1 resulted in 72% and 40% increase in the average spread diameters of the paste before and after drop of the flow table, respectively, as compared to the paste without using any SP. At the same time, the use of PC1 did not reduce the compressive strength of the paste.
- For the mixture activated by GD Grade sodium silicate powder (with nSiO2/nNa2O = 2.0), none of the investigated SPs were effective in increasing the workability. In addition, the use of naphthalene-based (N-based) SPs resulted in a marginal (up to 10%) reduction in the compressive strength, while the use of polycarboxylate-based (PC-based) SPs resulted in a significant (up to 35%) reduction in the compressive strength, as compared to the paste without using any SP.
- All investigated RTs significantly increased the initial setting time (up to 112%), final setting time (up to 94%) and workability (up to 27%) of the paste activated by anhydrous sodium metasilicate powder, with no significant effect on the compressive strength. Among the RTs investigated in this study, sucrose was the most effective one in retarding the setting time, with positive effect on the workability and no reduction of the compressive strength.
- When GD Grade sodium silicate powder was used as the solid activator, the workability and compressive strength of the paste containing the RTs were up to 16% and 46% lower, respectively, as compared to the paste without using any RT.
- When using the ‘combined admixtures’ (i.e., PC1 in the presence of either sucrose or borax), PC1 was more compatible with sucrose than borax. In other words, the paste containing both PC1 and sucrose exhibited higher compressive strength and workability, along with longer setting time, as compared to the paste containing both PC1 and borax.
- The compressive strength of the paste containing the ‘combined admixtures’ was up to 26% lower than that of the paste with no admixture. This may be due to the retarding effect of both the retarder and the SP.
- The workability of the paste containing the ‘combined admixtures’ was up to 32% lower than that of the paste containing only PC1. This may be due to competitive absorption between PC1 and sucrose or borax. It was envisaged that the absorption of PC1 was reduced due to the presence of sucrose or borax and resulted in the in the fluidity reduction of the paste.
- The initial setting time of the paste containing the ‘combined admixtures’ was up to 18% longer than that of the paste containing only the retarder (either sucrose or borax). This may be due to the fluidifying effect of PC1 and/or extra water content from PC1 that prolonged the setting time.
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Chemical | Component | |
---|---|---|
Slag | Fly Ash | |
SiO2 | 32.76 | 51.52 |
Al2O3 | 12.37 | 27.83 |
Fe2O3 | 0.54 | 11.77 |
CaO | 44.56 | 2.20 |
MgO | 5.15 | 1.30 |
K2O | 0.33 | 0.60 |
Na2O | 0.22 | 0.40 |
MnO | 0.15 | 0.15 |
TiO2 | 0.51 | 1.50 |
P2O5 | 0.88 | 0.73 |
SO3 | 4.26 | 0.20 |
L.O.I. 1 | 0.09 | 1.80 |
Type of Activator | nSiO2/nNa2O | SiO2 a (FR%) | Na2O a (wt%) | H2O (wt%) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Anhydrous sodium metasilicate | 0.9 | 46 | 51 | 3 b |
GD Grade sodium silicate | 2.0 | 54 | 27 | 18 b |
SP ID | Commercial Name | Chemical Base | Color | pH | Density (g/cm3) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
PC1 | MasterGlenium SKY 8379 | Modified polycarboxylate | Brown | 5.9 | 1.06 |
PC2 | ViscoCrete PC HRF-1 | Modified polycarboxylate | Light brown | n.r. 1 | n.r. 1 |
PC3 | ViscoCrete 5-500 | Modified polycarboxylate | Clear brown | 5.0 ± 1.0 | 1.07 |
N1 | MasterRheobuild 1000NT | Sodium naphthalene formaldehyte sulphonate | Dark brown | 7.0 | 1.20 |
N2 | Sikament NN | Sodium naphthalene formaldehyte sulphonate | Brown | 7. 0 ± 0.5 | 1.20 |
RT ID | Commercial Name | Physical Form | Color | Density (g/cm3) |
---|---|---|---|---|
S | Sucrose RA | Powder | White | 1.59 |
B | Borax Anhydrous Pyrobor | Powder | White | 1.12 |
RT | MasterSet RT 122 | Liquid | Dark brown | 1.05 |
Mix ID | Geopolymer Precursors | Solid Activator | Water | Superplasticizer | Retarder | W/GP-Solids |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
AN | 1.000 | 0.100 a | 0.400 | – | – | 0.367 |
AN-PC1 | 1.000 | 0.100 a | 0.400 | 0.010 c | – | 0.367 |
AN-PC2 | 1.000 | 0.100 a | 0.400 | 0.010 d | – | 0.367 |
AN-PC3 | 1.000 | 0.100 a | 0.400 | 0.010 e | – | 0.367 |
AN-N1 | 1.000 | 0.100 a | 0.400 | 0.010 f | – | 0.367 |
AN-N2 | 1.000 | 0.100 a | 0.400 | 0.010 g | – | 0.367 |
AN-S | 1.000 | 0.100 a | 0.400 | – | 0.010 h | 0.367 |
AN-B | 1.000 | 0.100 a | 0.400 | – | 0.010 i | 0.367 |
AN-RT | 1.000 | 0.100 a | 0.400 | – | 0.010 j | 0.367 |
GD | 1.000 | 0.100 b | 0.379 | – | – | 0.367 |
GD-PC1 | 1.000 | 0.100 b | 0.379 | 0.010 c | – | 0.367 |
GD-PC2 | 1.000 | 0.100 b | 0.379 | 0.010 d | – | 0.367 |
GD-PC3 | 1.000 | 0.100 b | 0.379 | 0.010 e | – | 0.367 |
GD-N1 | 1.000 | 0.100 b | 0.379 | 0.010 f | – | 0.367 |
GD-N2 | 1.000 | 0.100 b | 0.379 | 0.010 g | – | 0.367 |
GD-S | 1.000 | 0.100 b | 0.379 | – | 0.010 h | 0.367 |
GD-B | 1.000 | 0.100 b | 0.379 | – | 0.010 i | 0.367 |
GD-RT | 1.000 | 0.100 b | 0.379 | – | 0.010 j | 0.367 |
Mix ID | Setting Time (min) | |
---|---|---|
Initial | Final | |
AN | 169 | 255 |
AN-S | 357 | 495 |
AN-B | 342 | 466 |
AN-RT | 359 | 457 |
GD | >360 | – * |
GD-S | >360 | – * |
GD-B | >360 | – * |
GD-RT | >360 | – * |
Mix ID | Compressive Strength (MPa) | Workability | Setting Time | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Before Drop of Flow Table (mm) | After Drop of Flow Table (mm) | Initial (min) | Final (min) | ||
AN | 44.6 ± 3.1 | 114 | 164 | 169 | 255 |
AN-PC1-S a | 37.5 ± 2.8 | 159 | 205 | 407 | 497 |
AN-PC1-B b | 32.8 ± 3.7 | 133 | 206 | 404 | 484 |
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Bong, S.H.; Nematollahi, B.; Nazari, A.; Xia, M.; Sanjayan, J. Efficiency of Different Superplasticizers and Retarders on Properties of ‘One-Part’ Fly Ash-Slag Blended Geopolymers with Different Activators. Materials 2019, 12, 3410. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12203410
Bong SH, Nematollahi B, Nazari A, Xia M, Sanjayan J. Efficiency of Different Superplasticizers and Retarders on Properties of ‘One-Part’ Fly Ash-Slag Blended Geopolymers with Different Activators. Materials. 2019; 12(20):3410. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12203410
Chicago/Turabian StyleBong, Shin Hau, Behzad Nematollahi, Ali Nazari, Ming Xia, and Jay Sanjayan. 2019. "Efficiency of Different Superplasticizers and Retarders on Properties of ‘One-Part’ Fly Ash-Slag Blended Geopolymers with Different Activators" Materials 12, no. 20: 3410. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12203410