Thin Degradable Coatings for Optimization of Osteointegration Associated with Simultaneous Infection Prophylaxis
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. HVSFS Coating Process
2.2. Sample Characterization
2.2.1. Surface Roughness
2.2.2. Brightfield Microscopy of the Coatings
2.2.3. XRD-Analysis for Definition of the Phase Composition of the Layers
2.2.4. Raman Spectroscopy for Determination of the Phase Composition of the Metals
2.2.5. SEM for Verification Metal Contained in the Coatings
2.2.6. Element-Mapping for Cu-Content Verification
2.2.7. Release Kinetics for Detection of Metal Ions and Ceramic Components of the Coatings
2.3. Biocompatibility Testing in Vitro
2.3.1. Cell Culture
2.3.2. Cell Viability
2.3.3. WST-1-Kit Was Used to Quantify Cell Proliferation and Viability
2.3.4. Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) Test to Determine Cytotoxicity
2.3.5. In Vivo Bone Biocompatibility via Simulated Body Fluid (SBF) Experiment
2.4. Antimicrobial Testing
2.5. Statistical Analysis
- -
- Time of data collection (3, 7, 14, 21 days or 24, 48, 72 h)
- -
- Ceramic component (TCP, HA, GB14, bioglass, titanium)
- -
- Metal doping (Cu, Ag, Bi, no doping)
3. Results
3.1. Sample Characterization
3.1.1. Brightfield Microscopy of the Coatings
3.1.2. XRD Analysis
3.1.3. Raman Spectroscopy Phase Composition Determination of the Metals
3.1.4. SEM for Verification of Metal Doping Content of the Coatings
3.1.5. Element-Mapping for Cu-Content Verification
3.1.6. Release Kinetics of Coating Contained Metal Ions and Ceramic Components into Water
3.2. Biocompatibility
3.2.1. Live/Dead-Assay and Cell Count
3.2.2. Proliferation
3.2.3. LDH-Kit
3.2.4. SBF-Experiment
3.3. Antimicrobial Testing with Safe Airborne Antibacterial Assay
4. Discussion
4.1. Live/Dead-Assay
4.2. WST-1 Assay
4.3. LDH-Assay
4.4. SBF
4.5. Safe Airborne Antibacterial Assay
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Ceramic | Chemical Composition | Particle Size (µm) | Manufacturer |
---|---|---|---|
Hydroxyapatite | Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2 | 5.8 | CeramTec GmbH, Plochingen, Germany |
β-Tricalcium phosphate | Ca3(PO4)2 | 3.8 | Chemische Fabrik, Budenheim, Germany |
GB14 | Ca2KNa(PO4)2 | 17.4 | Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und—Prüfung (BAM), Berlin, Germany |
Bioglass | 47.3% SiO2, 28.6% CaO, 15.2% P2O5, 4.90% Na2O, 2.50% MgO 1.5% F | 8.0 | Centro Ricerche Colorabbia Consulting, Florence, Italy |
Coating | Solids Content (wt.%) | Metal Content (Mass) Related on Solids Content (%) | Liquid Phase |
---|---|---|---|
HA + Cu | 10 | 1.75 | Iso/H2O |
HA + Ag | 10 | 1.75 | Iso/H2O |
HA + Bi | 10 | 1.75 | Iso |
TCP + Cu | 10 | 1.75 | Iso/H2O |
TCP + Ag | 10 | 1.75 | Iso/H2O |
TCP + Bi | 10 | 1.75 | Iso |
GB14 + Cu | 10 | 1.75 | H2O |
GB14 + Ag | 10 | 1.75 | H2O |
GB14 + Bi | 10 | 1.75 | H2O |
Bioglass + Cu | 10 | 1.75 | Ethanol |
Bioglass + Ag | 10 | 1.75 | Ethanol |
Bioglass + Bi | 10 | 1.75 | Ethanol |
Iso = Isopropanol, H2O = Water |
Laser (nm) | 638, 532 | Number of Scans | 30–100 |
Power (mW) | 2.5–12 | Aperture Time Per Scan (sec.) | 5 |
Grid (gr/mm) | 1200 | Magnification (Microscope) | 10–50 |
Cu(II) (from Cu(CH3COO)2) | 6.12 × 10−5 g | 3.37 × 10−7 mol |
Ag (from AgNO3) | 7.06 × 10−5 g | 6.54 × 10−7 mol |
Bi | 1.75 × 10−4 g | 8.40 × 10−7 mol |
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Burtscher, S.; Krieg, P.; Killinger, A.; Al-Ahmad, A.; Seidenstücker, M.; Latorre, S.H.; Bernstein, A. Thin Degradable Coatings for Optimization of Osteointegration Associated with Simultaneous Infection Prophylaxis. Materials 2019, 12, 3495. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12213495
Burtscher S, Krieg P, Killinger A, Al-Ahmad A, Seidenstücker M, Latorre SH, Bernstein A. Thin Degradable Coatings for Optimization of Osteointegration Associated with Simultaneous Infection Prophylaxis. Materials. 2019; 12(21):3495. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12213495
Chicago/Turabian StyleBurtscher, Sophie, Peter Krieg, Andreas Killinger, Ali Al-Ahmad, Michael Seidenstücker, Sergio Hernandez Latorre, and Anke Bernstein. 2019. "Thin Degradable Coatings for Optimization of Osteointegration Associated with Simultaneous Infection Prophylaxis" Materials 12, no. 21: 3495. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12213495