White and Red Brazilian São Simão’s Kaolinite–TiO2 Nanocomposites as Catalysts for Toluene Photodegradation from Aqueous Solutions
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Clay Minerals Purification by Dispersion Decantation
2.2. Intercalation of Kaol and Kaol-R with Dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO)
2.3. Synthesis of Nanocomposite Photocatalysts
2.4. Photodegradation of Toluene from Aqueous solution
2.5. Photolysis of Toluene
2.6. Measurement of Light Intensity
2.7. Characterization Techniques
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Characterization of the Photocatalysts
3.2. Photocatalysis Experiments
3.2.1. Preliminary Adsorption Tests
3.2.2. Photolysis and Blank Photocatalytic Tests
3.2.3. Photodegradation of Toluene Using the White and Red Kaolinite–Titanium Dioxide Catalysts
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sample | SiO2 | Al2O3 | Fe2O3 | MnO | MgO | CaO | Na2O | K2O | TiO2 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Kaol | 55.90 | 43.72 | 1.12 | 0.007 | 0.27 | 0.09 | 0.06 | 0.44 | 1.14 |
Kaol-R | 52.37 | 43.26 | 2.24 | 0,064 | 0,24 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.39 | 1.15 |
Exposition Site | Sun Light | Photoreactor | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
UVA/UVB | Luminosity Intensity | UVA/UVB | Intensity of Luminosity | |
Photoreactor (artificial ultraviolet radiation (λ = 365 nm, P = 30 W). Lowest and highest values measured | - | - | 7–20 | 1548–1650 |
Indirect exposure (under shadow) | 530 | 13,470 | - | - |
Direct exposure | 1628 | 501,000 | - | - |
Laboratory, ambient quantification | - | - | 1 | 800–949 |
Solid | SBET (m2/g) | SMB (m2/g) | VP (cm3/g) | Band Gap (eV) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Kaol | Kaol-R | Kaol | Kaol-R | Kaol | Kaol-R | Kaol | Kaol-R | |
Kaol | 15 | 18 | 78 | 62 | 0.110 | 0.113 | 4.51 | 4.49 |
Kaol-DMSO | 13 | 18 | 78 | 62 | 0.088 | 0.136 | 4.71 | 4.52 |
Kaol-TiO2 | 15 | 17 | 47 | 62 | 0.088 | 0.094 | 4.67 | 4.71 |
Kaol-TiO2-400 | 13 | 16 | 78 | 62 | 0.080 | 0.090 | 4.92 | 4.72 |
Kaol-TiO2-700 | 13 | 14 | 78 | 78 | 0.079 | 0.051 | 4.76 | 4.74 |
Kaol-TiO2-1000 | 14 | 12 | 62 | 62 | 0.081 | 0.082 | 4.79 | 4.85 |
Catalysts | k (min−1) | R2 | t1/2(min) | Х2 |
---|---|---|---|---|
Kaol-TiO2-400 | 0.017 | 0.81 | 40 | 0.190 |
Kaol-400 | 0.0003 | 0.43 | 2074 | 0.080 |
Kaol-R-TiO2-400 | 0.034 | 0.62 | 20 | 0.370 |
Kaol-R-400 | 0.0004 | 0.62 | 1848 | 0.104 |
TiO2 P25 (Degussa) | 0.0010 | 0.69 | 728 | 0.158 |
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Mora, L.D.; Bonfim, L.F.; Barbosa, L.V.; da Silva, T.H.; Nassar, E.J.; Ciuffi, K.J.; González, B.; Vicente, M.A.; Trujillano, R.; Rives, V.; et al. White and Red Brazilian São Simão’s Kaolinite–TiO2 Nanocomposites as Catalysts for Toluene Photodegradation from Aqueous Solutions. Materials 2019, 12, 3943. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12233943
Mora LD, Bonfim LF, Barbosa LV, da Silva TH, Nassar EJ, Ciuffi KJ, González B, Vicente MA, Trujillano R, Rives V, et al. White and Red Brazilian São Simão’s Kaolinite–TiO2 Nanocomposites as Catalysts for Toluene Photodegradation from Aqueous Solutions. Materials. 2019; 12(23):3943. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12233943
Chicago/Turabian StyleMora, Lucas D., Larissa F. Bonfim, Lorrana V. Barbosa, Tiago H. da Silva, Eduardo J. Nassar, Katia J. Ciuffi, Beatriz González, Miguel A. Vicente, Raquel Trujillano, Vicente Rives, and et al. 2019. "White and Red Brazilian São Simão’s Kaolinite–TiO2 Nanocomposites as Catalysts for Toluene Photodegradation from Aqueous Solutions" Materials 12, no. 23: 3943. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12233943