Growth Characterization of Intermetallic Compound at the Ti/Al Solid State Interface
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experimental Procedure
3. Results
3.1. Morphological Characterization and Phase Identification
3.2. Intermetallic Layer Thickening and the Kinetics of TiAl3 Formation
4. Discussion
4.1. Formation of TiAl3
4.2. Govern Mechanism Criterion of TiAl3 Layer Growth
4.3. Growth Process of TiAl3
5. Conclusions
- (1)
- Only TiAl3 phase was detected in the interfacial zone of Ti/Al sample annealed for up to 112 h at 823, 848, and 873 K.
- (2)
- The growth of TiAl3 layer was governed by reaction-controlled mechanism in the previous period and by diffusion-controlled mechanism in the latter period for annealing temperature of 823, 848, and 873 K.
- (3)
- The activation energies for reaction—controlled and diffusion-controlled mechanism were calculated to be 198,019 and 122,770 J/mol, respectively.
- (4)
- A criterion for the govern mechanism of TiAl3 layer growth was put forward.
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Ma, Z.; Jin, Y.; Ji, S.; Meng, X.; Ma, L.; Li, Q. A general strategy for the reliable joining of Al/Ti dissimilar alloys via ultrasonic assisted friction stir welding. J. Mater. Sci. Technol. 2019, 35, 94–99. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Choi, J.W.; Liu, H.; Fujii, H. Dissimilar friction stir welding of pure Ti and pure Al. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 2018, 730, 168–176. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lee, K.S.; Bae, S.J.; Lee, H.W.; Kang, S.H. Interface-correlated bonding properties for a roll-bonded Ti/Al2-ply sheet. Mater. Charact. 2017, 134, 163–171. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sahul, M.; Sahul, M.; Lokaj, J.; Caplovi, L.; Nesvadba, P. Influence of annealing on the properties of explosively Welded titanium grade 1-AW7075 aluminum alloy bimetals. J. Mater. Eng. Perform. 2018, 27, 5665–5674. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhou, L.; Min, J.; He, W.X.; Huang, Y.X.; Song, X.G. Effect of welding time on microstructure and mechanical properties of Al-Ti ultrasonic spot welds. J. Manuf. Process. 2018, 33, 64–73. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Qiu, R.; Higuchi, K.; Satonaka, S.; Iwamoto, C. Characterization of joint between titanium and aluminum alloy welded by resistance spot welding with cover plate. Q. J. Japan Weld. Soc. 2009, 27, 109s–113s. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Casalino, G.; Mortello, M. Modeling and experimental analysis of fiber laser offset welding of Al-Ti butt joints. Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol. 2016, 83, 89–98. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhang, Y.; Huang, J.; Ye, Z.; Cheng, Z.; Yang, J.; Chen, S. Influence of welding parameters on the IMCs and the mechanical properties of Ti/Albutt joints welded by MIG/TIG double-sided arc welding-brazing. J. Alloy. Compd. 2018, 747, 764–771. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Miao, Y.; Ma, Z.; Yang, X.; Liu, J.; Han, D. Experimental study on microstructure and mechanical properties of AA6061/Ti-6Al-4V joints made by bypass-current MIG welding-brazing. J. Mater. Process. Technol. 2018, 260, 104–111. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chen, S.; Li, L.; Chen, Y.; Dai, J.; Huang, J. Improving interfacial reaction non-homogeneity during laser welding-brazing aluminum to titanium. Mater. Des. 2011, 32, 4408–4416. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chen, S.; Li, L.; Chen, Y.; Huang, J. Joining mechanism of Ti/Al dissimilar alloys during laser welding-brazing process. J. Alloy. Compd. 2011, 509, 891–898. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Foadian, F.; Soltanieh, M.; Adeli, M.; Etminanbakhs, M. The kinetics of TiAl3 formation in explosively welded Ti-Al multilayers during heat treatment. Metall. Mater. Trans. B 2016, 47, 2931–2937. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Foadian, F.; Soltanieh, M.; Adeli, M.; Etminanbakhs, M. A study on the formation of intermetallics during the heat treatment of explosively welded Ti-Al multilayers. Metall. Mater. Trans. A 2014, 45, 1823–1832. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bataev, I.A.; Bataev, A.A.; Mali, V.I.; Pavliukova, D.V. Structural and mechanical properties of metallic–intermetallic laminate composites produced by explosive welding and annealing. Mater. Des. 2012, 35, 225–234. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Assari, A.H.; Eghbali, B. Solid state diffusion bonding characteristics at the interfaces of Ti and Al layers. J. Alloy. Compd. 2018, 773, 50–58. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Huang, M.; Xu, C.; Fan, G.; Maawad, E.; Gan, W.; Geng, L.; Lin, F.; Tang, G.; Wu, H.; Du, Y.; et al. Role of layered structure in ductility improvement of layered Ti-Al metal composite. Acta Mater. 2018, 153, 235–249. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jafari, R.; Eghbali, B.; Adhami, M. Influence of annealing on the microstructure and mechanical properties of Ti/Al and Ti/Al/Nb laminated composites. Mater. Chem. Phys. 2018, 213, 313–323. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fan, M.; Luo, Z.; Fu, Z.; Guo, X.; Tao, J. Vacuum hot pressing and fatigue behaviors of Ti/Al laminate composites. Vacuum 2018, 154, 101–109. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mirjalili, M.; Soltanieh, M.; Matsuura, K.; Ohno, M. On the kinetics of TiAl3 intermetallic layer formation in the titanium and aluminum diffusion couple. Intermetallics 2013, 32, 297–302. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mirjalili, M.; Soltanieh, M.; Matsuura, K.; Ohno, M. TiAl3 Formation in the Titanium-Aluminum Diffusion Couple. Defect Diffus. Forum 2012, 322, 185–194. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Xu, L.; Cui, Y.Y.; Hao, Y.L.; Yang, R. Growth of intermetallic layer in multi-laminated Ti/Al diffusion couples. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 2006, 435–436, 638–647. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fronczek, D.M.; Wojewoda-Budka, J.; Chulist, R.; Sypien, A.; Korneva, A.; Szulc, Z.; Schell, N.; Zieba, P. Structural properties of Ti/Al clads manufactured by explosive welding and annealing. Mater. Des. 2016, 91, 80–89. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fronczek, D.M.; Chulist, R.; Litynska-Dobrzynska, L.; Szulc, Z.; Zieba, P.; Wojewoda-Budka, J. Microstructure changes and phase growth occurring at the interface of the Al/Ti explosively welded and annealed joints. J. Mater. Eng. Perform. 2016, 25, 3211–3217. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kattner, U.R.; Lin, J.C.; Chang, Y.A. Thermodynamic assessment and calculation of the Ti-Al system. Metall. Trans. A 1992, 23, 2081–2090. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sujata, M.; Bhargava, S.; Sangal, S. On the formation of TiAl3 during reaction between solid Ti and liquid Al. J. Mater. Sci. Lett. 1997, 16, 1175–1778. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dybkov, V.I. Reaction Diffusion and Solid State Chemical Kinetics; The IPMS Publication: Kyiv, Ukraine, 2002. [Google Scholar]
- Dong, X.; Ren, X.; Wang, Y.; Hou, H.; Cheng, Y. Structure and mechanical properties of Ti/Al multilayered composite. Chin. J. Rare Met. 2017, 41, 1208–1213. [Google Scholar]
Materials | C | N | O | H | Fe | Al | Ti | Si | Cu | Mn | Mg | Zn |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
TA2 | 0.008 | 0.005 | 0.041 | 0.0006 | 0.029 | 0.015 | Bal. | - | - | - | - | - |
1050A | - | - | - | - | 0.4 | Bal. | 0.05 | 0.25 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 |
Position | Composition (at. %) | Phase | |
---|---|---|---|
Al | Ti | ||
A | 0.13 | 99.87 | Ti |
B | 75.12 | 24.84 | TiAl3 |
C | 99.76 | 0.24 | Al |
Temperature/K | Fixed n (slope) | Mechanism | Lnk (Intercept) | r2 |
---|---|---|---|---|
823 | 1 | Reaction controlled | −23.46 | 0.99748 |
823 | 0.5 | Diffusion controlled | −17.20 | 0.99823 |
848 | 1 | Reaction controlled | −22.59 | 0.99667 |
848 | 0.5 | Diffusion controlled | −16.63 | 0.99910 |
873 | 1 | Reaction controlled | −21.81 | 0.98717 |
873 | 0.5 | Diffusion controlled | −16.17 | 0.99622 |
© 2019 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Zhao, Y.; Li, J.; Qiu, R.; Shi, H. Growth Characterization of Intermetallic Compound at the Ti/Al Solid State Interface. Materials 2019, 12, 472. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12030472
Zhao Y, Li J, Qiu R, Shi H. Growth Characterization of Intermetallic Compound at the Ti/Al Solid State Interface. Materials. 2019; 12(3):472. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12030472
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhao, Yangyang, Jiuyong Li, Ranfeng Qiu, and Hongxin Shi. 2019. "Growth Characterization of Intermetallic Compound at the Ti/Al Solid State Interface" Materials 12, no. 3: 472. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12030472